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2016年7月
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浙江大å¦åŒ»å¦é™¢é™„属邵逸夫医院消化科(310016)
审阅å°ç»„
Julio C. Bai (Chair, Argentina)
Carolina Ciacci (Co-chair, Italy)
Gino Roberto Corazza (Italy)
Michael Fried (Switzerland)
Carolina Olano (Uruguay)
Mohammad Rostami-Nejad (Iran)
Andrea González (Argentina)
Peter Green (USA)
Javier Gutierrez-Achury (UK/Netherlands)
Michael Schultz (New Zealand)
Elena Verdú (Canada)
Kassem Barada (Lebanon)
Peter Gibson (Australia)
Sibylle Koletzko (Germany)
Thierry Coton (France)
Chris Mulder (Netherlands)
Govind Makharia (India)
Anton LeMair (Netherlands)
(点击展开区段)
麸质å³é¢å›¢æ¸…洗去除淀粉åŽæ®‹ç•™çš„èƒ¶æ ·è›‹ç™½[1]。麸质ä¸çš„主è¦è›‹ç™½—麦胶蛋白åŠéº¦è°·è›‹ç™½æ˜¯å°éº¦ä¸çš„主è¦å‚¨å˜è›‹ç™½ã€‚麸质å˜åœ¨äºŽå°éº¦ã€é»‘麦和大麦ä¸ï¼Œå¹¿æ³›åº”用于食å“åŠ å·¥ä¸ï¼Œæ˜¯ç”Ÿé¢å›¢æ˜“于焙烤的æˆåˆ†ï¼Œèƒ½å¢žåŠ 风味,改善å£æ„Ÿã€‚在é—ä¼ æ˜“æ„Ÿçš„ä¸ªä½“ä¸ï¼Œæ‘„å…¥å«éº¸è´¨ç±»é£Ÿç‰©å¯èƒ½å¯¼è‡´ä¹³ç³œæ³»[2,3]。
乳糜泻(Celiac disease, CD)是一ç§åœ¨é—ä¼ æ˜“æ„Ÿçš„å„¿ç«¥å’Œæˆäººä¸å‘生的累åŠå°è‚ 的慢性ã€å¤šå™¨å®˜è‡ªèº«å…疫性疾病。由摄入å«éº¸è´¨ç±»é£Ÿç‰©ä¿ƒå‘[3]。也称åšå£ç‚Žæ€§è…¹æ³»ã€éº¸è´¨æ•æ„Ÿæ€§è‚ ç—…ã€éžçƒå¸¦å£ç‚Žæ€§è…¹æ³»ã€‚
å°éº¦è¿‡æ•æ˜¯ç”±IgEå’ŒéžIgE介导的针对å°éº¦è›‹ç™½çš„ä¸è‰¯å…ç–«ååº”ã€‚æ ¹æ®ä¸åŒæŠ—原暴露途径åŠæ½œåœ¨çš„å…疫机制,å°éº¦è¿‡æ•å¯åˆ†æˆå››ç±»[4]:
在排除乳糜泻和å°éº¦è¿‡æ•åŽï¼Œæ‚£è€…è¿›é£Ÿæ— éº¸è´¨é£Ÿç‰©ï¼ˆGluten-free diet , GFD)åŽèƒƒè‚ é“å’Œéžèƒƒè‚ é“症状消失,则被认为是éžä¹³ç³œæ³»æ€§éº¸è´¨è¿‡æ•ï¼ˆNonceliac gluten sensitivity, NCGS)[5]ã€‚å°½ç®¡æ‚£è€…åœ¨è¿›é£Ÿæ— éº¸è´¨é£Ÿç‰©åŽç—‡çŠ¶æ˜Žæ˜¾æ”¹å–„,但是迄今为æ¢çš„临床试验结果(麸质和安慰剂)是矛盾的[6-10],使得这ç§ç»¼åˆå¾çš„真实å‘病情况尚ä¸æ˜Žç¡®ã€‚
ç›®å‰ï¼Œåœ¨ç¼ºä¹ç‰¹æ®Šä»ªå™¨æ£€æµ‹çš„情况下,检测特定食物æ•æ„Ÿæ€§çš„唯一方法是使用å—其他症状诱导剂(例如果èšç³–)污染程度最低的å°éº¦è›‹ç™½è¿›è¡ŒåŒç›²å®‰æ…°å‰‚对照交å‰çš„食物诱å‘试验。然而,在这类试验ä¸å˜åœ¨ç€å安慰剂效应,这是一ç§æ£å¸¸çŽ°è±¡ï¼Œåœ¨å¯¹ç»“果进行解释时,需è¦å°†å…¶è€ƒè™‘在内[8,9]。其他å¯èƒ½è¯±å‘症状的潜在或伴éšçš„é£Ÿç‰©å› ç´ åŒ…æ‹¬ç¢³æ°´åŒ–åˆç‰©ï¼ˆå¯å‘酵的寡糖,二糖,å•ç³–和多元醇,FODMAPs)和å°éº¦è›‹ç™½ï¼Œå¦‚淀粉酶/胰蛋白酶抑制剂(ATIs)。æ¤å¤–,由于目å‰è¿˜æ²¡æœ‰ç¡®å‡¿çš„è¯æ®è¡¨æ˜Žéº¸è´¨ä¸Žç—‡çŠ¶æœ‰å…³æˆ–其确切的机制未明,一些作者认为称为“éžä¹³ç³œæ³»æ€§å°éº¦è¿‡æ•”或“å°éº¦ä¸è€å—综åˆå¾”æ›´åˆé€‚[11,12]。
ä¸–ç•Œèƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦ç»„织(WGOï¼‰çš„ç›®æ ‡æ˜¯é€šè¿‡æ供一份基于最新è¯æ®å’Œå…¨çƒä¸“å®¶å…±è¯†çš„ç®€æ˜Žæ–‡ä»¶ï¼Œå¹¶æ ¹æ®å½“å‰æœ€ä½³å®žè·µï¼ŒæŒ‡å¯¼å«ç”Ÿå·¥ä½œè€…对乳糜泻和其他麸质相关的疾病(Gluten-related disorders,GRDs)进行最佳管ç†ã€‚
在诊æ–和治疗分级管ç†ä¸ï¼ŒWGO指å—æ供了一ç§ä¸Žèµ„æºå’ŒçŽ¯å¢ƒç›¸å…³çš„方法。一ç§æ ‡å‡†åŒ–çš„å…¨çƒæ–¹æ³•è¦æ±‚世界å„地的æµè¡Œç—…å¦å’Œä¸´åºŠçŽ¯å¢ƒå…·æœ‰å¯æ¯”性,åŒæ—¶å„ç§è¯Šæ–和治疗方法普éå¯èŽ·å¾—。但事实并éžå¦‚æ¤ï¼šå…¨çƒæ— 论是æµè¡Œç—…å¦è¿˜æ˜¯å¯¹ä¹³ç³œæ³»å’ŒGRDs的诊æ–和管ç†çš„å¯ç”¨èµ„æºéƒ½ä¸ä¸€è‡´ï¼Œä»¥è‡³äºŽæ— 法采用å•ä¸€çš„“é‡‘æ ‡å‡†”æ–¹æ³•ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œè¿™ä¸ªWGO指å—包å«äº†ä¸€ç³»åˆ—分级管ç†ï¼Œä»¥æ供与环境和资æºç›¸å…³çš„选择,用于诊æ–和治疗GRDsã€‚å› æ¤ï¼ŒWGO分级管ç†çš„目的是作为一秓全烔补充,而ä¸æ˜¯å–代由区域组织和国家制定的“é‡‘æ ‡å‡†”。附录列出了当å‰çš„é‡‘æ ‡å‡†æŒ‡å—。
由于缺ä¹å…³äºŽNCGSå’Œå°éº¦è¿‡æ•çš„充足数æ®ï¼Œæœ¬æŒ‡å—的作者认为目å‰è¿˜ä¸å¯èƒ½åˆ¶å®šå¯¹NCGSå’Œå°éº¦è¿‡æ•çš„分级管ç†ã€‚
WGO分级管ç†ï¼šæ ¹æ®å¯ç”¨çš„资æºå¯¹é£Žé™©å’Œç–¾ç—…的诊æ–ã€æ²»ç–—和管ç†è¿›è¡Œåˆ†çº§å¤„置。
æ— è®ºæ˜¯“å‘展且〓åŠå‘è¾¾”或“å‘è¾¾”的地区,WGO指å—和分级管ç†æ—¨åœ¨çªå‡ºé’ˆå¯¹æ‰€æœ‰åœ°åŒºçš„åˆé€‚çš„ã€ä¸ŽçŽ¯å¢ƒå’Œèµ„æºç›¸å…³çš„处置方å¼ã€‚“WGO分级管ç†æ˜¯çŽ¯å¢ƒç›¸å…³çš„,环境ä¸èƒ½ç®€å•å®šä¹‰ä¸ºèµ„æºå¯ç”¨æ€§ã€‚
强烈å对采用å•çº¯“临床评估”åŠæ— 麸质饮食åŽç—‡çŠ¶æ”¹å–„æ¥è¯Šæ–乳糜泻。这是误诊的æ¥æºï¼Œè¿™ä»…仅对于少部分患者(那些有典型乳糜泻症状的患者伴有å¸æ”¶ä¸è‰¯çš„å¾è±¡ï¼‰å’Œåœ¨éƒ¨åˆ†èµ„æºæ¡ä»¶æžå…¶æœ‰é™åœ°åŒºæœ‰ç”¨ã€‚å› ä¸ºï¼Œå®ƒå¯èƒ½ä¼šå¼•èµ·æ··æ·†ï¼Œå¯¼è‡´éžä¹³ç³œæ³»éº¸è´¨è¿‡æ•ï¼Œéžéº¸è´¨ç›¸å…³è‚ ç—…ã€è‚ 易激综åˆå¾ã€æˆ–"å¶ç„¶"æ”¹å–„ç—‡çŠ¶ï¼ˆä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œåœ¨è‚ é“感染åŽï¼‰çš„æ‚£è€…è¢«è¯¯è¯Šä¸ºä¹³ç³œæ³»ã€‚äº‹å®žä¸Šï¼Œæ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£Ÿå› éžéº¸è´¨ä¾èµ–饮食å˜åŒ–ã€ä½ŽFODMAPsæˆ–å› “安慰剂效应”而具有éžç‰¹å¼‚性的作用。
å¯¹äºŽæœ‰ç—‡çŠ¶å’Œæ— ç—‡çŠ¶çš„æ‚£è€…ï¼Œä¸“å®¶å»ºè®®æŠ—ç»„ç»‡è½¬è°·æ°¨é…°èƒºé…¶ï¼ˆanti-tissue transglutaminase,抗tTG)IgA +总IgA作为一线检测方法。但是,为了è¯å®žä¸€ä¸ªé˜³æ€§çš„一线检测结果,或者tTG IgAæ»´åº¦åœ¨ä¸´ç•Œå€¼çš„æƒ…å†µä¸‹ï¼Œå»ºè®®åº”è¯¥å¢žåŠ å…¶ä»–æ£€æµ‹ã€‚å…¶ä»–è¢«è®¤ä¸ºæ˜¯å¥½çš„å…疫测定包括抗肌内膜抗体(endomysium antibody,EMA),或者是阳性的转谷氨酰胺酶2(transglutaminase,TG2)IgA检测或阳性的脱氨基麦胶蛋白肽(DGP)IgG检测。尤其对于IgA缺ä¹çš„患者,è”åˆDGP-IgGå’ŒTG2-IgA检测有助于å‘现乳糜泻患者。æ®æŠ¥é“,DGP-IgG能够检测出一些TG2-IgAæ¼è¯Šçš„IgA缺ä¹çš„患者。对于一些作者而言,针对ä¸åŒæŠ—原的检测—tTG-IgA+DGP-IgGè¦ä¼˜äºŽé’ˆå¯¹ç›¸åŒçš„自体抗原(tTG-IgA+EMA-IgA)的检测。
一级亲属以åŠï¼ˆè¾ƒå°ç¨‹åº¦ä¸Šï¼‰äºŒçº§äº²å±žæ‚£ä¹³ç³œæ³»çš„é£Žé™©å¢žåŠ ï¼ˆä¸Žä¸€èˆ¬äººç¾¤çš„30%-35%相比,大约70%的一级亲属是HLA-DQ2阳性和/或HLA-DQ8é˜³æ€§ï¼‰ã€‚å…¶ä¸´åºŠè¡¨çŽ°å¤šæ ·ï¼Œåœ¨ä¸€ç”Ÿä¸ä»»ä½•æ—¶æ®µéƒ½å¯ä»¥å‘病或出现症状。许多乳糜泻患者å¯èƒ½å‡ ä¹Žæ²¡æœ‰èƒƒè‚ é“ç—‡çŠ¶æˆ–è¡¨çŽ°è‚ å¤–ç—‡çŠ¶ï¼Œåªæœ‰ä¸€å°éƒ¨åˆ†æ‚£è€…有å¸æ”¶ä¸è‰¯è¡¨çŽ°ï¼ˆå…¸åž‹çš„乳糜泻)。有症状的乳糜泻患者较普通人群出现包括æ»äº¡åœ¨å†…的并å‘ç—‡çš„é£Žé™©æ˜Žæ˜¾å¢žåŠ ã€‚ç„¶è€Œï¼Œè¿™äº›ä¸»è¦å¹¶å‘症的风险å¯åœ¨3-5å¹´ä¸¥æ ¼æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£ŸåŽä¸‹é™ã€‚ç›®å‰å°šä¸æ¸…楚那些åªåœ¨è¡€æ¸…å¦ç›æŸ¥ä¸å‘çŽ°çš„æ— ç—‡çŠ¶ä¹³ç³œæ³»æ‚£è€…çš„é£Žé™©ã€‚
主è¦çš„诊æ–ä¾æ®åŒ…括:
• è‚ ç²˜è†œæ´»æ£€çš„ç»„ç»‡ç—…ç†å¦ç‰¹ç‚¹ï¼ŒåŒ…括上皮内淋巴细胞增多,éšçªå¢žç”Ÿï¼Œä»¥åŠä¸åŒçº§åˆ«çš„绒毛èŽç¼©ã€‚
• 有基于麸质引起å°è‚ ç—…å˜çš„ä¾æ®ï¼Œå¦‚乳糜泻特异性抗体阳性和/æˆ–åœ¨æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£ŸåŽä¸´åºŠå’Œ/或组织å¦æ”¹å–„。
血清å¦æ£€æµ‹èƒ½ç”¨äºŽï¼š
• 在有特å¾æ€§è‚ é“ç—…å˜æ‚£è€…ä¸æ˜Žç¡®è¯Šæ–
• 识别需è¦æ´»æ£€çš„病例
• ç ”ç©¶è¯¥ç–¾ç—…é«˜é£Žé™©äººç¾¤
• å助一些疑似患者诊æ–乳糜泻
治疗:
乳糜泻患者ä¸åº”食用å«æœ‰å°éº¦ã€é»‘麦或大麦的食å“。患者通常需è¦ç»ˆç”Ÿéµå¾ªä¸¥æ ¼çš„æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£Ÿã€‚ç‡•éº¦å¯èƒ½ä¼šè¢«é£Ÿç”¨ï¼Œä½†å®ƒä»¬å¯èƒ½è¢«å°éº¦æ··æ‚,而纯的ã€æœªå—æ··æ‚çš„æ— éº¸è´¨ç‡•éº¦é€šå¸¸æ˜¯æ²¡æœ‰çš„ã€‚ä¸€å°éƒ¨åˆ†æ‚£æœ‰ä¹³ç³œæ³»çš„患者(少于5%)å¯èƒ½ä¹Ÿæ— 法è€å—çº¯ç‡•éº¦ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œè‡³å°‘在治疗的å‰ä¸‰ä¸ªæœˆæŽ¨èæ— ç‡•éº¦é¥®é£Ÿã€‚
乳糜泻在全世界都很普é,在过去的20å¹´é‡Œï¼Œå®ƒçš„æ‚£ç—…çŽ‡æ˜¾è‘—å¢žåŠ [13]。乳糜泻新病例数é‡å¤§å¹…å¢žåŠ ï¼Œè¿™åœ¨ä¸€å®šç¨‹åº¦ä¸Šæ˜¯ç”±äºŽæ›´å¥½çš„è¯Šæ–工具和对高å±äººç¾¤çš„å…¨é¢ç›æŸ¥[14]。其æµè¡Œç—…å¦åˆ†å¸ƒå…·æœ‰“冰山”特性,未确诊病例远远多于确诊病例[15-17]。
早期的æµè¡Œç—…å¦ç ”究认为,乳糜泻是一ç§é«˜åŠ 索人ç§çš„疾病,主è¦åˆ†å¸ƒåœ¨æ¬§æ´²å’ŒåŒ—美[20]。然而,在世界其他地区的进一æ¥ç ”究表明,乳糜泻的患病率也相似[21-23]。乳糜泻的全çƒæ‚£ç—…率约1%ï¼Œä½†ç ”ç©¶æ˜¾ç¤ºï¼Œä¸åŒå›½å®¶ä¹‹é—´å·®å¼‚很大[17]。
• 在å‘展ä¸å›½å®¶ï¼Œä¹³ç³œæ³»åœ¨ä½Žé£Žé™©äººç¾¤ä¸çš„患病率为0.14-5.7%,而在高风险人群ä¸æ‚£ç—…率为1.2-55% [24]。
• å…¶ä¸ä¸€äº›ç ”究已ç»åœ¨ç¾Žæ´²åŽŸä½æ°‘或éžè£”美国人的祖先ä¸å‘现乳糜泻[25]。
• è¿‘æ¥æœ‰ç ”究显示,乳糜泻在北éž[26],ä¸ä¸œ[17],å°åº¦[27]åŠå·´åŸºæ–¯å¦[28]是一ç§å¸¸è§ç–¾ç—…。
• 在éžæ´²çš„çƒå¸¦åœ°åŒºæœ‰æŠ¥é“过乳糜泻,特别是在å‰å¸ƒæå’Œè‹ä¸¹[29-31]。æ„识水平低,缺ä¹è¯Šæ–工具,由于ä¸åŒçš„é¥®é£Ÿé€ æˆçš„低麸质摄入å¯èƒ½æ˜¯æ’’哈拉以å—éžæ´²åœ°åŒºä¹³ç³œæ³»å‘ç—…çŽ‡æ˜Žæ˜¾è¾ƒä½Žçš„åŽŸå› ã€‚å°šç¼ºä¹å½“地血清阳性率的数æ®ã€‚
• æ ¹æ®ä¸å›½æœ€æ–°çš„报é“,乳糜泻易感的HLA-DQ ç‰ä½åŸºå› åŠè¯¥ç–¾ç—…至少在浙江çœåŠæ±Ÿè‹çœå¹¶ä¸ç½•è§[32]
总之,麸质食物ã€æ˜“æ„ŸåŸºå› åž‹å’Œä¹³ç³œæ³»è‡´ç—…å› ç´ çš„å…¨çƒåˆ†å¸ƒæ˜¯è¯¥ç—…æˆä¸ºå…¨çƒæ€§ç–¾ç—…çš„é‡è¦åŽŸå› 。
• 一项欧洲的多ä¸å¿ƒç ”究已ç»è¯å®žï¼Œä¹³ç³œæ³»æ‚£ç—…率为1%,ä¸åŒçš„国家之间å˜åœ¨ä¸€å®šçš„差异。
• 一项æ¥è‡ªäºšæ´²çš„èŸèƒåˆ†æžè¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œä¹³ç³œæ³»åœ¨äºšæ´²å¹¶ä¸ç½•è§ï¼Œäºšæ´²çš„乳糜泻血清阳性率和患病率分别为1.6%å’Œ0.5%[33]。
• 最近在å‚åŠ å¤šå¦ç§‘å¥åº·ä»»åŠ¡çš„é˜¿æ ¹å»·åŒ—éƒ¨å°ç¬¬å®‰äºº(多巴社区)进行的一项æµè¡Œç—…å¦ç ”究å‘现,HLA-DQ8易感å•å€ä½“患者检测到乳糜泻(2.2%)或æŒç»è‡ªèº«å…疫性疾病(2%)[34]。
• 世界上乳糜泻患病率最高的人群是西撒哈拉人,为5.6%-å‡ ä¹Žæ˜¯å¤§å¤šæ•°æ¬§æ´²å›½å®¶çš„10å€ã€‚人群ä¸HLA-DQ2å’ŒHLA-DQ8的频率最高,麸质的摄入é‡ä¹Ÿå¾ˆé«˜[35]。
• å…¶ä»–ç ”ç©¶è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œåœ¨ç‰¹å®šäººç¾¤ä¸ç‰¹å®šæ—¶æœŸå†…å‘现的乳糜泻新病例(å‘病率)æ£åœ¨å¢žåŠ (北美和欧洲)[13,36]。
ä¹³ç³œæ³»ç¡®è¯Šç—…ä¾‹ä¸Žæœªç¡®è¯Šç—…ä¾‹çš„æ¯”ä¾‹å› å›½å®¶è€Œå¼‚(芬兰1:2,美国ã€é˜¿æ ¹å»·å’Œå¾·å›½1:10)[15,21,37,38]。这表明,如果没有积æžçš„ç›æŸ¥ï¼Œå¤§å¤šæ•°ä¹³ç³œæ³»ç—…例将ä¸ä¼šè¢«å‘现。
ç›®å‰ï¼Œè¿«åˆ‡éœ€è¦æ高åˆçº§ä¿å¥åŒ»ç”Ÿå’Œå„¿ç§‘åŒ»ç”Ÿå¯¹å¤šæ ·æ€§çš„ä¸´åºŠè¡¨çŽ°ä»¥åŠè¡€æ¸…å¦æ£€æµ‹åœ¨è¯Šæ–乳糜泻方é¢çš„作用的认识。北爱尔兰和芬兰已è¯æ˜Žè¿™æ˜¯è¿™äº›å›½å®¶è¯Šæ–å¢žåŠ çš„ä¸€ä¸ªä¸»è¦å› ç´ [39,40]。
在进行æµè¡Œç—…å¦ç ”究的任何国家或地区,有症状的患者和ç›æŸ¥å‡ºçš„患者(大多是亚临床表型)的比例没有显著差异。
HLA- DQA1å’ŒHLA- DQB1åŸºå› ä½œä¸ºéº¸è´¨è‚½æŠ—åŽŸçš„ç‰¹æ®Šä½œç”¨ä½¿å¾—MHC HLAä½ç‚¹æˆä¸ºä¹³ç³œæ³»å‘生过程ä¸æœ€é‡è¦çš„é—ä¼ å› å。乳糜泻与HLA-DQ2å’Œ-DQ8相关;大约95%的北欧血统的乳糜泻患者å˜åœ¨HLA-DQ2,其余为HLA-DQ8æºå¸¦è€…[41]。最近的分æžè¡¨æ˜Žï¼ŒHLA I类分å也与乳糜泻有关 [42,43]。
乳糜泻高å±HLA-DQå•å€åž‹çš„å‘生率在人群ä¸å˜åœ¨å·®å¼‚ [42],æ¤å¤–,这å¯èƒ½ä¸Žä¹³ç³œæ³»æ‚£ç—…率的差异有关—HLA风险组之间å˜åœ¨æ˜¾è‘—差异,高å±ç»„(HLAå•å€åž‹DR3-DQ2,尤其是纯åˆå)的风险比低风险组(DR4-DQ8)高6å€[44]。
在下列情况下推èHLA 检测:
最近诊æ–为乳糜泻的患者数é‡çš„å¢žåŠ ä¸ŽåŒ»ç”Ÿå¯¹è¿™ç§ç–¾ç—…çš„ä¸´åºŠè¡¨çŽ°çš„å¹¿æ³›æ€§å’Œå¤šæ ·æ€§æœ‰æ›´å¤§çš„è®¤è¯†æœ‰å…³ [3,35,38,53,54]。它还与精确ç›é€‰è¯•éªŒçš„å¼€å‘和区域å¯å¾—性,以åŠå®žé™…å¢žåŠ çš„å‘病率有关[35,36]。
在临床ä¸è§‚察到å„ç§å„æ ·çš„ç—‡çŠ¶ã€‚è¿™é‡Œæˆ‘ä»¬éµå¾ªçš„是乳糜泻的“奥斯陆定义”[3]。
典型的乳糜泻患者有å¸æ”¶ä¸è‰¯çš„症状和体å¾ï¼ŒåŒ…括腹泻ã€è„‚肪泻ã€ç¼ºé“性贫血ã€ä½“é‡å‡è½»æˆ–生长障ç¢[3]。
æˆäºº—症状和体å¾
å„¿ç«¥—症状和体å¾
在éžå…¸åž‹ä¹³ç³œæ³»ä¸ï¼Œæ‚£è€…å¯èƒ½å‡ºçŽ°éžç‰¹å¼‚æ€§èƒƒè‚ é“ç—‡çŠ¶è€Œæ— å¸æ”¶ä¸è‰¯ç—‡çŠ¶ï¼Œæˆ–è‚ å¤–è¡¨çŽ°(æ— èƒƒè‚ é“症状) [3,55]。在西方国家ä¸ï¼Œéžå…¸åž‹ä¹³ç³œæ³»çš„患病率很高,患者主è¦è¡¨çŽ°ä¸ºä¸æ˜ŽåŽŸå› 的缺é“性贫血。
æˆäººå’Œå„¿ç«¥ —症状和体å¾
表现为å•ä¸€ç—‡çŠ¶æˆ–少许症状,或症状轻微。
许多患者,尤其是那些在ç›æŸ¥è¿‡ç¨‹ä¸è¢«è¯Šæ–å‡ºçš„æ‚£è€…ï¼Œå°½ç®¡æœ‰å…¸åž‹çš„è‚ é“æŸä¼¤ï¼Œä½†å³ä½¿ä»”ç»†è¯¢é—®ä¹Ÿæ²¡æœ‰ä»»ä½•ç—‡çŠ¶ã€‚æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£Ÿèƒ½æ˜Žæ˜¾æ”¹å–„æ— ç—‡çŠ¶ä¹³ç³œæ³»æ‚£è€…ç”Ÿæ´»è´¨é‡[58]。这支æŒä»¥åŽé•¿æœŸçš„饮食é™åˆ¶ [59]。
è¿™ç§ç—‡çŠ¶çš„å¤šæ ·æ€§å¯¹ä¸ç†Ÿæ‚‰ä¹³ç³œæ³»çš„专业人士æ¥è¯´æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªæŒ‘战。
家åºç ”究表明,近50%的新诊æ–çš„ä¹³ç³œæ³»æ‚£è€…æœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªæ— ç—‡çŠ¶çš„ä¸´åºŠç—…ç¨‹ [60]ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œå¯èƒ½æœ‰ä¸€åŠæœªç¡®è¯Šçš„æ‚£è€…æ— ä¸´åºŠç—‡çŠ¶ã€‚ç„¶è€Œï¼Œè®¸å¤š“æ— ç—‡çŠ¶”çš„æ‚£è€…åœ¨å¼€å§‹æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£ŸåŽè¡¨çŽ°å‡º“新常怔,且大部分åšæŒé¥®é£ŸæŽ§åˆ¶[61]。
还有一些“ä¼ è¨€”,比如:
乳糜泻很罕è§ã€‚
乳糜泻å‘生在:
— åªæœ‰ç™½ç§äºº
— 主è¦å‘生在欧洲和美国
— åªå‘生在童年
— åªå‘生在慢性腹泻患者
乳糜泻ç»ä¸€æ®µæ—¶é—´æ²»ç–—åŽèƒ½è¢«æ²»æ„ˆ
乳糜泻是一ç§è½»å¾®çš„疾病,“在诊æ–å’Œæ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£ŸåŽï¼Œé—®é¢˜å°±æ¶ˆå¤±äº†ã€‚”
在æˆäººå’Œå„¿ç«¥ä¸ï¼Œä¹³ç³œæ³»çš„诊æ–å–决于乳糜泻-特异性自身抗体阳性和伴éšçš„诊æ–æ€§çš„è‚ é“活检[15]。
在有症状且有å¸æ”¶ä¸è‰¯çš„患者ä¸(典型乳糜泻),高滴度(10×)自身抗体(抗-TG)é˜³æ€§ï¼Œæˆ–åœ¨ç¬¬äºŒä¸ªè¡€æ¶²æ ·æœ¬ä¸æœ‰å…¶ä»–自身抗体检测(EMA或DGPs)阳性,å³ä½¿æ²¡æœ‰è‚ é“活检,ä»å¯ä»¥å……分诊æ–乳糜泻。这应该在与专家医生讨论利弊åŽè€ƒè™‘[62]。
最近的一项综述 [68] 表明,尽管乳糜泻符åˆWHO的多项大规模ç›æŸ¥æ ‡å‡†ï¼Œä½†ä»ç„¶ç¼ºä¹è¶³å¤Ÿçš„è¯æ®è¯æ˜Žå…¶ç›Šå¤„,而在高å±äººç¾¤ä¸é‡‡å–积æžçš„个案调查ç–略是目å‰çš„适当方法。
注æ„:这些疾病å¯èƒ½ä¸Žä¹³ç³œæ³»æ— 关,但病例的高å‘病率使得有必è¦å¯¹æ‚£è€…进行血清检查。
乳糜泻的诊æ–æ ‡å‡†åœ¨ä¸–ç•Œä¸Šçš„ä¸€äº›åœ°æ–¹å¯èƒ½ä¼šå› ä¸€äº›å› ç´ è€Œä¸åŒ
虽然内镜检查对乳糜泻的检测ä¸å¤Ÿæ•æ„Ÿä¹Ÿä¸å…·æœ‰ç‰¹å¼‚性[70], 但在内镜检查ä¸å‘现以下情况应当引起怀疑[71]:
当观察到上述任何一ç§å†…镜特å¾æ—¶ï¼Œéƒ½åº”è¿›è¡Œè‚ ç²˜è†œæ´»æ£€ã€‚ä¸´åºŠç–‘è¯Šä¹³ç³œæ³»æ—¶ï¼Œå³ä½¿å†…镜下皱褶æ£å¸¸ï¼Œä¹Ÿåº”è¿›è¡Œå†…é•œæ´»æ£€ï¼Œå› ä¸ºï¼Œè®¸å¤šä¹³ç³œæ³»æ‚£è€…å¯èƒ½æœ‰çœ‹ä¼¼æ£å¸¸çš„皱褶。在低风险人群ä¸ï¼Œç¼ºä¹ä¹³ç³œæ³»å†…镜下的表现对排除乳糜泻å¯èƒ½æ€§çš„预测价值很低[64,70]。ã€
åœ¨è‚ é“活检ä¸å‘çŽ°çš„è‚ ç»’æ¯›å¼‚å¸¸ï¼ŒåŠ ä¸Šé˜³æ€§è¡€æ¸…å¦æ£€æŸ¥ï¼Œæ˜¯è¯Šæ–ä¹³ç³œæ³»çš„é‡‘æ ‡å‡†ã€‚åœ¨å½“å‰çš„临床实践ä¸ï¼Œä¿®è®¢ç‰ˆçš„绒毛异常的Marsh分类广泛用于评估绒毛èŽç¼©çš„严é‡ç¨‹åº¦[63,72,73]。
虽然组织å¦å˜åŒ–在乳糜泻ä¸è¢«è®¤ä¸ºæ˜¯æœ‰ç‰¹å¾æ€§çš„,但他们ä¸æ˜¯ç‰¹å¼‚çš„,类似的å˜åŒ–å¯ä»¥åœ¨å…¶ä»–å‡ ç§ç–¾ç—…ä¸çœ‹åˆ°,包括çƒå¸¦å£ç‚Žæ€§è…¹æ³»,寄生虫感染,常è§å˜å¼‚åž‹å…疫缺陷病,人类å…疫缺陷病毒(HIV)è‚ ç—…,è¯ç‰©å’Œé£Ÿç‰©è¿‡æ•å¼•èµ·çš„è‚ ç—…(如牛奶)。
乳糜泻主è¦å½±å“近端å°è‚ 的粘膜,远端å°è‚ æŸä¼¤çš„严é‡ç¨‹åº¦é€æ¸é™ä½Žï¼Œä½†åœ¨ä¸¥é‡çš„情况下,病å˜å¯å»¶ä¼¸è‡³è¿œç«¯è‚ é“ [20]。
åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ /ç©ºè‚ ä¸Šéƒ¨çš„ç—…å˜å¯èƒ½æ˜¯ç‰‡çŠ¶çš„ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œå¦‚果没有进行足够的粘膜å–æ ·ï¼Œå¯èƒ½ä¼šæ¼è¯Šã€‚必须从åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ çš„ç¬¬äºŒéƒ¨åˆ†å’ŒåäºŒæŒ‡è‚ çƒéƒ¨æå–4到6ä¸ªæ´»æ£€æ ·æœ¬ã€‚å¯¹äºŽæ‚£æœ‰è¶…çŸæ€§ä¹³ç³œæ³»çš„患者,病ç†å¯èƒ½å±€é™äºŽåäºŒæŒ‡è‚ çƒéƒ¨-这强调了从该部ä½è¿›è¡Œæ´»æ£€çš„é‡è¦æ€§[74]。当患者食用å«æœ‰éº¸è´¨çš„食物(至少æ¯å¤©3克麸质,æŒç»2周)时,必须进行活组织检查[75]。如果病ç†è¯Šæ–为阴性,那么,对于æŸäº›æŠ—体呈阳性的患者,如高滴度抗tTGã€æŠ—DGP å’Œ/或肌内膜抗体,进行第二次活检å¯èƒ½æ˜¯åˆç†çš„。
从壶腹上方åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ è¿‘ç«¯å–çš„æ´»æ£€æ ‡æœ¬å¯èƒ½æœ‰é»è†œä¸‹å±‚布æ°è…ºï¼ˆBrunner’s glands)产生的å‡è±¡(例如,绒毛拉伸),å¯èƒ½è¢«è¯¯åˆ¤ä¸ºæ‰å¹³é»è†œã€‚
在光å¦æ˜¾å¾®é•œä¸‹ï¼Œåœ¨æ‘„å…¥å«æœ‰éº¸è´¨é£Ÿç‰©çš„[乳糜泻患者ä¸ï¼Œæœ€å…¸åž‹çš„组织å¦è¡¨çŽ°å¦‚下[20]:
强烈建议病ç†åŒ»ç”Ÿçš„报告应包括结构的å˜åŒ–,包括上述组织å¦å˜åŒ–,上皮内淋巴细胞计数,以åŠæ ¹æ®ä¿®æ”¹åŽçš„Marsh分类的解释。病ç†åŒ»ç”Ÿä¹Ÿåº”该评价活检的质é‡ã€‚如果活组织检查质é‡ä¸ä½³ï¼Œå¸¦æœ‰ä¸æ˜Žæ–¹å‘çš„å°ç¢Žç‰‡ï¼Œç—…ç†åŒ»ç”Ÿåº”é¿å…作出诊æ–。在这ç§æƒ…况下,在é™åˆ¶éº¸è´¨ä¹‹å‰ï¼Œåº”é‡å¤è¿›è¡Œå†…镜检查和多点活检。
Marshé€šè¿‡ä¸€ç³»åˆ—ç²¾å¿ƒè®¾è®¡çš„ç ”ç©¶ä½¿å¾—è§£é‡Šéº¸è´¨å¼•èµ·çš„å¹¿æ³›çš„ç²˜è†œæŸä¼¤æˆä¸ºå¯èƒ½[20], 乳糜泻患者组织å¦æ”¹å˜è¢«å½’类为从æ£å¸¸ç²˜è†œåˆ°éƒ¨åˆ†/全部绒毛èŽç¼©ã€‚改进的Marsh分类在临床实践ä¸å¾—到了广泛的应用[73,76]。为了尽é‡å‡å°‘观察者之间的差异,æ出了å¦ä¸€ç§æ›´ç®€å•çš„分类方法 [77]。
两组未ç»æ²»ç–—的乳糜泻血清å¦æ ‡è®°å…·æœ‰é«˜åº¦æ•æ„Ÿæ€§å’Œç‰¹å¼‚性[78,79]:
所有这些抗体都基于å…ç–«çƒè›‹ç™½A (IgA)或å…ç–«çƒè›‹ç™½G (IgG)。尤其是,基于IgG的检测对于检测特定IgA缺陷患者的乳糜泻是有用的。
IgA内æºæ€§æŠ—体与ä½äºŽå¹³æ»‘肌周围的结缔组织内膜结åˆï¼Œäº§ç”Ÿä¸€ç§å¯é€šè¿‡é—´æŽ¥å…ç–«è§å…‰æ˜¾ç¤ºçš„特å¾æŸ“色图象[80]。如果å¯èƒ½ï¼Œåº”进行滴定试验;å³ä½¿è¡€æ¸…IgA内生肌体抗体的低滴度也对乳糜泻具有特异性。该检测较昂贵,和观测者相关,并且需è¦å¤§é‡çš„劳动,需è¦ä¸“业人士æ£ç¡®çš„解读。é¶æŠ—原为组织转谷氨酰胺酶( 转谷氨酰胺酶2)。IgA肌内膜抗体试验对未治疗(活动性)的乳糜泻患者的æ•æ„Ÿæ€§ä¸ç‰ï¼ˆçº¦80%)而特异性较高(将近100%)[62,78]。
抗tTG抗体对诊æ–乳糜泻具有高度æ•æ„Ÿæ€§å’Œç‰¹å¼‚性[81]。用于检测抗tTG IgA抗体的酶è”å…ç–«å¸é™„法(ELISA)应用广泛且æ“作简便,比用于检测IgA肌内膜抗体的å…ç–«è§å…‰åˆ†æžæ³•æ›´å®¢è§‚价廉[78,79]。有趣的是,tTG与EMAé¶å‘自身抗原(TG2)相åŒï¼Œé€šè¿‡ç”¨äººtTG 代替早先å…疫分æžè¯•å‰‚盒里的éžäººç±»çš„tTG(诊æ–精确性差),抗tTG IgAå…疫分æžçš„诊æ–精确性进一æ¥å¾—到了æ高。虽然世界å„地都在使用抗tTG抗体,但ä¸åŒå•†ä¸šè¯•å‰‚盒的性能ä»å˜åœ¨å¾ˆå¤§å·®å¼‚[79]。
å‡ å¹´å‰ï¼Œå¼€å±•äº†é‡‡ç”¨ELISA检测脱氨基麦胶蛋白多肽(DGPs)ï¼Œä¸´åºŠç ”ç©¶è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œè¯¥æ–¹æ³•åœ¨é«˜é£Žé™©å’Œä½Žé£Žé™©äººç¾¤ä¸å…·æœ‰å¾ˆé«˜çš„诊æ–å‡†ç¡®æ€§ã€‚è¿™åœ¨æœ€è¿‘çš„ç ”ç©¶ä¸å¾—到了è¯å®ž[82]。抗DGP IgG在诊æ–乳糜泻方é¢ä¼˜äºŽæŠ—DGP IgA[82-84]。
乳糜泻特异性血清å¦æ£€æŸ¥å¯¹äºŽä»¥ä¸‹ä¸¤ä¸ªç›®çš„很é‡è¦ [78,85]:
1. åœ¨æœ‰è‚ é“ç—…å˜çš„患者ä¸ç¡®å®šæ˜¯éº¸è´¨ç›¸å…³çš„ (诊æ–)
• EMA IgAã€æŠ—tTG IgAã€æŠ—DGP IgG和抗DGP IgA是相似的,为麸质相关æ供最有价值的ä¾æ®ã€‚
• 基于IgG的检测(抗-DGP,EMAå’ŒtTG)似乎éžå¸¸æœ‰åŠ©äºŽIgA检测阴性的IgA缺ä¹ç—‡æ‚£è€…。
2. 选择患者进行åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ æ´»æ£€
为了å‡å°‘åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ æ´»æ£€çš„éœ€è¦ï¼Œå¹¶æ ¹æ®ä¸åŒçš„血清å¦æ£€æŸ¥çš„准确性,采用了一系列的血清å¦æ£€æµ‹æµç¨‹æ¥é€‰æ‹©æ‚£è€…在ä¸åŒçš„临床情况下进行活检。
一般人群血清å¦æ£€æŸ¥çš„选择:
• 抗tTG IgA,åŠ ä¸Šæ€»IgA和基于IgG的检测(在IgA缺ä¹è€…ä¸) 具有高æ•æ„Ÿæ€§å’Œè‰¯å¥½çš„特异性,是应用最广泛的一线ç›æŸ¥æ–¹æ³•ã€‚
• 低风险人群的阳性预测值å–决于滴度水平[86,87]。在考虑内镜检查和活组织检查之å‰ï¼Œä½Žæ»´åº¦çš„æ— ç—‡çŠ¶ä¸ªä½“(例如,低于三å€çš„临界值)应在3-6个月富å«éº¸è´¨é¥®é£ŸåŽè¿›è¡Œé‡æ–°æ£€æµ‹ã€‚
• å› æ¤ï¼Œç³»ç»Ÿä½¿ç”¨æ›´ç‰¹å¼‚çš„ç›é€‰è¯•éªŒ(如EMA),已被广泛应用于æ高一般人群的诊æ–准确性[86,88]。
• è”åˆå„ç§æ£€æµ‹å¯ä»¥æ”¹è¿›ç—…例的诊æ–。如果检测结果åŒæ—¶éƒ½å‘ˆé˜³æ€§ï¼Œä¹³ç³œæ³»çš„诊æ–是æžæœ‰å¯èƒ½çš„ [85,89,90]。
EMA检测需è¦ä¸“ä¸šçš„è§‚å¯Ÿå‘˜ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œåœ¨ä¸“业水平较低的环境ä¸ï¼Œåº”推èELISA/放射å…疫分æžæ³•æ£€æµ‹æŠ—tTG IgA或抗DGP IgG。
在开始æ£å¼çš„麸质饮食之å‰ï¼ŒHLA-DQ2/-DQ8 åŸºå› åˆ†åž‹å¯¹è¯Šæ–血清检测阴性的疾病和排除乳糜泻å¯èƒ½å¾ˆé‡è¦ã€‚
在一些地区,如缺ä¹æˆ–è´Ÿæ‹…ä¸èµ·è¯Šæ–设施的éžæ´²çƒå¸¦åœ°åŒºï¼Œå¦‚æžœåˆæ¥çš„æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£ŸåŽä¸´åºŠç—‡çŠ¶æ˜¾è‘—改善,那么,åˆæ¥çš„æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£Ÿå¯ä½œä¸ºé—´æŽ¥è¯Šæ–工具[29]。这ç§æ–¹æ³•åœ¨éžæ´²çš„许多地区很容易采用,而且æˆæœ¬ä½Žã€æ— 风险。主è¦çš„困难是说æœçˆ¶æ¯ä¸ºè¥å…»ä¸è‰¯çš„å©å引入一ç§é¥®é£Ÿï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯è¿™ç§é¥®é£Ÿéœ€è¦æŒç»ç»ˆèº«(尽管这ç§å›°éš¾ä¸æ˜¯çƒå¸¦åœ°åŒºç‰¹æœ‰çš„)。
虽然这一ç–略在一些å¤ç«‹çš„地区是适用的,在那里它å¯èƒ½æ˜¯ç¡®å®šå’Œæ²»ç–—乳糜泻的唯一方法,但在å¯ä»¥åšè¡€æ¸…å¦æ£€æµ‹çš„地区,我们强烈å对这么åšã€‚
åœ¨æ‰€æœ‰å¼€å§‹æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£Ÿçš„ä¸ªä½“ä¸(æ— è®ºå‡ºäºŽä»€ä¹ˆåŽŸå› ï¼Œå¦‚å°éº¦è¿‡æ•ï¼Œç”Ÿæ´»æ–¹å¼ï¼ŒIBS),在开始饮食之å‰ï¼Œä¹³ç³œæ³»åº”该通过乳糜泻特异性抗体检测阴性排除在外。
乳糜泻有多ç§çš„临床表现,å¯èƒ½ä¸Žè®¸å¤šå…¶ä»–èƒƒè‚ é“疾病的症状相似。æ¤å¤–,æ示乳糜泻的组织å¦ç—…å˜ä¹Ÿè§äºŽè®¸å¤šå…¶ä»–疾病,如:
对于有症状的乳糜泻患者,引入GFDå¯ä»¥æ˜¾è‘—改善症状ã€çº æ£å¼‚å¸¸ç”ŸåŒ–æŒ‡æ ‡å’Œæ高生活质é‡[91]。终身治疗还å¯ä»¥é™ä½Žæ¶æ€§å’Œéžæ¶æ€§å¹¶å‘症的风险。目å‰å…³æ³¨çš„æ˜¯æ— ç—‡çŠ¶ä¹³ç³œæ³»æ‚£è€…çš„è¿œæœŸç»“æžœï¼Œä»¥åŠæ˜¯å¦æ‰€æœ‰æ‚£è€…都需è¦ç»ˆç”Ÿç»´æŒGFDã€‚ä¸€äº›ç ”ç©¶è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œé€šè¿‡ç›æŸ¥å‘现的乳糜泻患者(å…¶ä¸å¤§å¤šæ•°å¯è¢«è§†ä¸ºæ— 症状)å¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡GFD长期改善他们的生活质é‡[92,93]。
患有(长期未ç»æ²»ç–—çš„)乳糜泻的患者出现良æ¶æ€§å¹¶å‘症和æ»äº¡çŽ‡çš„风险较高 [64,94,95]。
ç›®å‰æ²»ç–—ä¹³ç³œæ³»çš„å”¯ä¸€æ–¹æ³•æ˜¯ç»ˆç”Ÿä¸¥æ ¼æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£Ÿ[20,66,100,101]。任何å°éº¦ã€é»‘麦ã€å¤§éº¦åŠå…¶ä»–å«éº¸è´¨çš„食物或è¯ç‰©éƒ½ä¸èƒ½é£Ÿç”¨ï¼Œå› 为,å³ä½¿å°‘é‡éº¸è´¨ä¹Ÿå¯èƒ½æœ‰å®³ã€‚
麸质摄入é‡çš„安全é™åº¦å› 人而异,一般是10-100毫克/天,尽管éšåŽçš„ç ”ç©¶è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œä¸Šé™åº”该ä¸è¶…过50毫克/天[106]。
è™½ç„¶å¤§å¤šæ•°æ‚£è€…å¯¹æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£Ÿæœ‰å¿«é€Ÿçš„ä¸´åºŠå应,但å应的速度ä¸åŒã€‚é‡ç—‡æ‚£è€…å¯èƒ½éœ€è¦ä½é™¢æ²»ç–—,补充液体和电解质,é™è„‰è¥å…»ï¼Œé“ï¼Œç»´ç”Ÿç´ ï¼Œå¶å°”需è¦æ¿€ç´ [109]。
应该鼓励患者食用天然的高é“和高å¶é…¸çš„食物,尤其是在这些矿物质缺ä¹çš„æƒ…å†µä¸‹ã€‚æ‚£è€…åº”è¯¥å’¨è¯¢é‚£äº›å¯¹æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£Ÿå¾ˆäº†è§£çš„è¥å…»å¸ˆï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯åœ¨ç¡®è¯ŠåŽçš„第一年。并ä¸æ˜¯æ‰€æœ‰çš„è¥å…»å¸ˆéƒ½ç†Ÿæ‚‰æ— 麸质饮食的å¤æ‚性,地方或国家支æŒå›¢ä½“å¯èƒ½ä¼šæ供所需的大部分信æ¯ã€‚
诊æ–时的患者的支æŒå’Œæ•™è‚²æ˜¯éžå¸¸é‡è¦çš„,应该是治疗的一个组æˆéƒ¨åˆ† [110]。
患有乳糜泻的é’少年应该ç»åŽ†ä¸€ä¸ªæ£å¼çš„过渡过程,接å—教育并接å—æˆäººçœ‹æŠ¤ [111]。
在éšè®¿ä¹³ç³œæ³»æ—¶ï¼Œåœ¨è¯„ä¼°GFD时考虑以下概念的å«ä¹‰æ˜¯å¾ˆé‡è¦çš„:
以下是诊æ–åŽéšè®¿çš„建议总结和诊æ–åŽç¬¬ä¸€å¹´æ— 麸质饮食监测的方法[9]:
临床评估:检查症状和åšå®žéªŒå®¤æ£€æŸ¥(如全血计数ã€é“状æ€ã€ç»´ç”Ÿç´ B12ã€ä¹³ç³œæ³»è¡€æ¸…å¦ã€é’™ã€ç»´ç”Ÿç´ D)和乳糜泻血清å¦æ£€æŸ¥(ç›®å‰æœ€å¥½çš„é¢„æµ‹æŒ‡æ ‡ï¼šæŠ—tTG IgA 和抗DPG IgA的定é‡æµ‹å®š)[84,104,115]。
æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£Ÿä¸æ‰€ç¦å¿Œçš„谷物,淀粉和é¢ç²‰[101,121]:
* å°éº¦å“ç§
一些国家å…许摄入一定é‡çš„æ— æ··æ‚çš„çº¯ç‡•éº¦ã€‚å°½ç®¡ä¸€äº›ç ”ç©¶æŒ‡æ˜Žï¼Œé€‚é‡çš„燕麦摄入对于乳糜泻患者尚为安全,但值得注æ„çš„æ˜¯åœ¨ç‡•éº¦åŠ å·¥è¿‡ç¨‹ä¸æœ‰å°éº¦å’Œå¤§éº¦çš„æ··æ‚。
æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£Ÿä¸å¯æŽ¥å—çš„æ— éº¸è´¨è°·ç±»ï¼Œé¢ç²‰ç±»åŠæ·€ç²‰ç±»ï¼š
å°½ç®¡è¿™äº›æ— éº¸è´¨è°·ç‰©ã€é¢ç²‰å’Œæ·€ç²‰åœ¨æ— 谷蛋白膳食ä¸æ˜¯å…许食用的,但ä»ç„¶è¦æ³¨æ„å°éº¦å’Œå¤§éº¦å¯¹å…¶çš„交å‰æ··æ‚ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œåœ¨ä¸ºä¹³ç³œæ³»æ‚£è€…æ供食物之å‰ï¼Œåº”该检测淀粉和粉类食物ä¸éº¸è´¨çš„å«é‡ã€‚一些国家定期在互è”网上å‘å¸ƒæ— éº¸è´¨äº§å“的更新清å•ã€‚在åå•ä¸Šçš„食物已ç»è¿›è¡Œäº†éº¸è´¨å«é‡åˆ†æž[122,123]。
大多数工业生产的食å“å«æœ‰æ‰€ç¦å¿Œçš„æˆåˆ†—注æ„æ ‡ç¾æ˜¯å¾ˆé‡è¦çš„,应该检查å…许åƒçš„食å“清å•ã€‚å‚åŠ ä¸€ä¸ªæ”¯æŒå›¢ä½“éžå¸¸é‡è¦ã€‚
æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£Ÿæ˜¯ä½Žçº¤ç»´çš„ã€‚è¦å»ºè®®æ‚£è€…食用高纤维补充剂,如全谷米ã€çŽ‰ç±³ã€é©¬é“ƒè–¯å’Œå¤§é‡çš„蔬èœã€‚çº æ£ä»»ä½•è†³é£Ÿæ€§çš„é“ã€å¶é…¸ã€é’™å’Œï¼ˆéžå¸¸å°‘è§çš„)B12缺ä¹ã€‚
ç›®å‰ï¼Œè¿˜æ— æ³•æ ¹æ®å©´å„¿çš„麸质摄入时间或æ¯ä¹³å–‚养时间,æ¥ç¡®å®šä¹³ç³œæ³»çš„åˆçº§é¢„防措施。éšæœºå¯¹ç…§è¯•éªŒè¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œé€šè¿‡å–‚食少é‡éº¸è´¨æˆ–在12个月龄以åŽæ‰å¼€å§‹éº¸è´¨æ‘„入并未能引起麸质è€å— [48][49]。麸质的å«é‡æ˜¯å¦é‡è¦ä»ç„¶æ˜¯äº‰è®®çš„问题 [51,124,125]。早期å‘现和治疗是乳糜泻最有效的二级预防方法 [126]。
有关如何改进麸质相关疾病的检测尚å˜äº‰è®ºï¼Œä¸€äº›äººå»ºè®®ï¼Œä»Žé«˜é£Žé™©çš„病例ç›æŸ¥è½¬å˜ä¸ºåœ¨ä¸€èˆ¬äººç¾¤ä¸è¿›è¡Œä¹³ç³œæ³»è¡€æ¸…å¦æ£€æµ‹çš„积æžæ”¿ç–[68,127]。
éšç€ä¹³ç³œæ³»çš„å…ç–«å‘病机制é€æ¥è¢«è®¤è¯†ï¼Œè®¸å¤šé’ˆå¯¹å…ç–«å‘病机制的治疗æ£å¤„于探索阶段,以作为替代/辅助治疗,如麸质的腔内消化ã€å±éšœåŠŸèƒ½çš„改善和å…疫调节剂。许多新方法已ç»è¿›å…¥ä¸´åºŠè¯•éªŒé˜¶æ®µï¼Œä½†ç›®å‰è¿˜ä¸èƒ½ç”¨äºŽä¸´åºŠã€‚
乳糜泻的血清å¦æ£€æŸ¥æ˜¯å¾ˆæœ‰ç”¨çš„,但是,体内特定的乳糜泻抗体浓度下é™è¡¨æ˜Žéº¸è´¨æ‘„å…¥å‡å°‘ï¼Œä½†æ— æ³•ç¡®å®šå®Œå…¨çš„ä¾ä»Žæ€§ã€‚一旦抗体æ£å¸¸åŒ–,éšåŽçš„抗体水平å‡é«˜è¢«è®¤ä¸ºæ˜¯éº¸è´¨æ‘„å…¥çš„ä¸€ä¸ªå¾ˆå¥½çš„æŒ‡æ ‡ã€‚åšæŒæ²»ç–—çš„æœ€ç»ˆæ ‡å‡†æ˜¯è‚ é“愈åˆçš„表现,但对有些患者,å³ä½¿æ˜¯ä¸¥æ ¼çš„é¿å…éº¸è´¨æ‘„å…¥ï¼Œè‚ é“ä¹Ÿæ— æ³•æ„ˆåˆã€‚评估间隔:æ¯3-6ä¸ªæœˆç›´åˆ°å¼‚å¸¸åŸºçº¿æµ‹è¯•å¾—åˆ°çº æ£æˆ–直到临床稳定;然åŽæ¯1-2年。
间隔:ç†æƒ³æƒ…况下æ¯3-6个月,直到临床æ£å¸¸ï¼›ç„¶åŽæ¯1-2年。这对于生育年龄和怀å•çš„妇女尤其é‡è¦ã€‚咨询è¥å…»ä¸“家的目的:
· 评估患者目å‰çš„è¥å…»çŠ¶å†µã€‚
· 确定主è¦è¥å…»ç´ 和微é‡è¥å…»ç´ çš„æ‘„å…¥é‡ä»¥ä¾¿è¯†åˆ«æ˜¯å¦æœ‰è¥å…»ç´ 的缺ä¹æˆ–过剩。
-é‡è¦çš„是,在è¥å…»å¸ˆçš„指导下,乳糜泻患者应摄入å‡è¡¡é¥®é£Ÿï¼ŒåŒ…æ‹¬ç»´ç”Ÿç´ ï¼Œé’™å’Œçº¤ç»´ã€‚
· 分æžé¥®é£Ÿä¹ 惯åŠå½±å“é¥®é£ŸæŽ§åˆ¶çš„æ½œåœ¨å› ç´ ã€‚
· æ供信æ¯å¹¶å¼€å§‹æ— 麸质饮食。
· æ供饮食教育。
· 监测和评估饮食控制的ä¾ä»Žæ€§ï¼Œå¹¶åŠ 强饮食的咨询。
ä¸èƒ½åšæŒé¥®é£ŸæŽ§åˆ¶çš„患者需è¦å¿ƒç†è¾…导。
症状的æŒç»å‡ 乎总是由ä¸æ–æ‘„å…¥éº¸è´¨å¼•èµ·çš„ã€‚æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£Ÿçš„ä¸€ä¸ªæ™®éå˜åœ¨çš„éš¾
题是交å‰æ±¡æŸ“å’Œåœ¨å·²åŠ å·¥å¥½çš„é£Ÿå“å’Œ/或è¯ç‰©ä¸éšè—ç€æœªçŸ¥çš„éº¸è´¨ã€‚éº¸è´¨å¹¿æ³›åº”ç”¨äºŽåŠ å·¥é£Ÿå“,å¯èƒ½æ˜¯ä¸€ç§éšè—çš„æˆåˆ†ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œæ‚£è€…应谨慎对待,在è´ä¹°ä»»ä½•å•†å“之å‰å¸¸è§„看一下æˆåˆ†åˆ—表;一些许å¯çš„食å“应有æˆåˆ†åˆ—è¡¨ã€‚å¦‚æžœæ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£Ÿç–—æ•ˆä¸ä½³ï¼Œåº”考虑有æ„æˆ–æ— æ„的麸质摄入。对于这些患者,æŒç»è¡€æ¸…å¦é˜³æ€§èƒ½å‘现患者未éµä»Žé¥®é£ŸæŽ§åˆ¶ã€‚
乳糜泻患者症状æŒç»çš„åŽŸå› :
· é‡å è‚ æ˜“æ¿€ç»¼åˆå¾æˆ–æ— æ„间的麸质摄入(这是最常è§çš„åŽŸå› ï¼‰
· 诊æ–错误
· 乳糖ä¸è€å—
· 除å°éº¦ä¹‹å¤–的其他食物过æ•
· 胰腺分泌功能ä¸å…¨
· æ˜¾å¾®é•œä¸‹ç»“è‚ ç‚Ž
· 细èŒè¿‡åº¦ç”Ÿé•¿
· ç‚Žç—‡æ€§è‚ ç—…
· æºƒç–¡æ€§ç©ºè‚ ç‚Ž*
· è‚ ç—…ç›¸å…³æ€§T 细胞淋巴瘤*
· 难治性乳糜泻*
*最åŽä¸‰ä¸ªè¢«è®¤ä¸ºæ˜¯é•¿æœŸä¹³ç³œæ³»çš„并å‘ç—‡
患有乳糜泻的é’å°‘å¹´/å¹´è½»æˆå¹´äººåœ¨è½¬ç§»åˆ°æˆäººä¿å¥ä¹‹å‰å’ŒæœŸé—´éƒ½æœ‰“医疗”ä¸æ–的风险[128,129]。一般æ¥è¯´ï¼Œæ‚£æœ‰ä¹³ç³œæ³»çš„æˆå¹´äººä¼šå¤„ç†å¥½ä»–们的饮食,并迅速了解他们能åƒä»€ä¹ˆã€‚然而,é’少年往往在父æ¯å’Œå…¶ä»–照顾者的帮助下,在处ç†ä»–们的疾病方é¢å¯èƒ½æ²¡æœ‰è‡ªä¸»æƒã€‚ç›®å‰ï¼Œè¿˜æ²¡æœ‰æ˜Žç¡®çš„指导方针æ¥å¡«è¡¥å„¿ç«¥å’Œæˆäººæ²»ç–—乳糜泻的差è·ï¼ŒçŽ°åœ¨å»ºè®®è¿‡æ¸¡åŒ»ç–—ä¿å¥ã€‚过渡时期的诊所应该关注教育(饮食和å¥åº·é—®é¢˜ï¼‰ï¼Œéœ€è¦ç›‘测疾病,并且应该处ç†å¯èƒ½ä¸Šå‡çš„任何心ç†é—®é¢˜[111]。
难治性乳糜泻的定义是,尽管åšæŒGFD至少12个月,但临床症状æŒç»ï¼ˆæˆ–å¤å‘)与临床症状相关的组织病ç†å¦å¼‚常[108]。这å¯èƒ½å‘生在一开始(原å‘ï¼‰ï¼Œæˆ–è€…åœ¨å¯¹æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£Ÿçš„åˆå§‹åº”ç”之åŽï¼ˆç»§å‘)[130]。尤其在50å²ä»¥ä¸Šè¯Šæ–乳糜泻的患者ä¸å¿…须考虑该诊æ–。
难治性乳糜泻有两ç§äºšåž‹ï¼š
I型,表型æ£å¸¸çš„上皮内淋巴细胞
II型,上皮内淋巴细胞克隆扩增,和异常表现型缺ä¹è¡¨é¢CD3,CD8,T细胞å—体
II型疾病被认为是一ç§ä½Žçº§åˆ«çš„上皮内淋巴瘤,其表现为严é‡çš„å¸æ”¶ä¸è‰¯ï¼Œå¯¹æ— 麸质饮食没有å应。这是最严é‡çš„å½¢å¼ï¼Œå®ƒä¸Žé«˜æ»äº¡çŽ‡æœ‰å…³ [131]。
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