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2019.04
æœä¸½å› 译 æˆ´å® å®¡æ ¡
浙江大å¦åŒ»å¦é™¢é™„属邵逸夫医院
审查å°ç»„
Tony Speer (主å¸ï¼Œæ¾³å¤§åˆ©äºš)
Michelle Alfa (åŠ æ‹¿å¤§)
Alistair Cowen (澳大利亚)
Dianne Jones (澳大利亚)
Karen Vickery (澳大利亚)
Helen Griffiths (英国)
Douglas Nelson (美国)
Roque Sáenz (智利)
Anton LeMair (新西兰)
(点击展开区段)
ä¸–ç•Œèƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦ç»„织 (WGO) 关于“内镜消毒”的指å—旨在供从事内镜使用ã€æ¸…洗和维护的医疗æœåŠ¡æ供者和专业人员使用,其目的在于支æŒå›½å®¶å„å会,政府机构和å„内镜部门制定内镜å†å¤„ç†çš„åœ°æ–¹æ ‡å‡†å’Œè§„ç¨‹ã€‚
这些WGO指å—是基于医å¦å’Œç§‘å¦æ–‡çŒ®ã€çŽ°æœ‰å®žè·µæŒ‡å—å’Œï¼ˆåŒºåŸŸï¼‰æœ€ä½³å®žè·µæ ‡å‡†çš„ä¸“å®¶å…±è¯†çš„ç³»ç»Ÿå‘展过程的结果。该更新é˜è¿°äº†è¿‘期内镜检查åŽå¤šé‡è€è¯èŒçš„爆å‘并æ出了å‡å°‘这些爆å‘å‘生风险的措施。这些建议是基于一个具有微生物专业知识的国际多å¦ç§‘工作组的共识æ„è§ï¼Œå·¥ä½œç»„包括生物膜,内镜å†å¤„ç†ï¼ŒæŠ¤ç†å’Œèƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦ï¼Œå¹¶åœ¨åˆ¶å®šå›½å®¶å’Œå›½é™…å†å¤„ç†æŒ‡å—æ–¹é¢å…·æœ‰ä¸°å¯Œç»éªŒçš„专家。
安全和有效的内镜æœåŠ¡å—国家和国际åŒé‡æ ‡å‡†çš„约æŸï¼ŒåŒ…括设施的设计和人员é…备,自动内镜消毒机,消毒剂,水质和干燥柜。
实施适当的å†å¤„ç†æ ‡å‡†åº”éµå¾ªè‰¯å¥½æ“作规范(GMP)的一般原则。GMP是一套用于æ“作过程的法规ã€æ ‡å‡†å’ŒæŒ‡å——对于内镜å†å¤„熗主è¦æ˜¯èŽ·å¾—高度消毒,包括过程和质é‡çš„控制。GMP在è¯å“生产和质控检测的控制和管ç†æ–¹é¢äº«èª‰å…¨çƒï¼Œå¹¶åœ¨è¿‡åŽ»60å¹´ä¸æ–å‘展,以应对制è¯è¡Œä¸šå¹¿ä¸ºäººçŸ¥çš„问题[1]。
å†å¤„ç†è¯´æ˜Žé€šå¸¸è¢«ç§°ä¸º“æŒ‡å—”ï¼Œä½†å®žé™…ä¸Šæ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªæŠ€æœ¯æ ‡å‡†ï¼Œè§„å®šäº†å†å¤„ç†çš„最低å¯æŽ¥å—实践,以æ供内镜的高度消毒。医å¦æŒ‡å—通常使用基于人群的数æ®ï¼ˆé€šå¸¸æ˜¯éšæœºè¯•éªŒçš„结果)æ¥è§£å†³å°çš„临床问题,以指导å„个患者的医疗。éšæœºè¯•éªŒæ˜¯åœ¨ç‰¹å®šäººç¾¤ä¸è¿›è¡Œçš„,临床医生必须明确该指å—是å¦é€‚用于他们的å„个患者[2]。
æ ‡å‡†çš„åº”ç”¨èŒƒå›´æ›´å¹¿ï¼Œæ˜¯åˆ¶å®šè§„èŒƒå’Œç¨‹åºï¼Œæ—¨åœ¨ç¡®ä¿äº§å“ã€æœåŠ¡å’Œç³»ç»Ÿçš„安全ã€å¯é å’ŒåŒè´¨ã€‚è¯¥æ ‡å‡†çš„æ”¯æŒè¯æ®åŸºäºŽç§‘å¦ã€æŠ€æœ¯å’Œç»éªŒã€‚很少在特定人群ä¸è¿›è¡Œéšæœºè¯•éªŒã€‚å†å¤„ç†çš„æ ‡å‡†ä»¥ç§‘å¦ä¸ºåŸºç¡€ï¼Œé€šå¸¸æ˜¯é€šè¿‡åœ¨äººå·¥åœŸå£¤æˆ–接ç§å·²çŸ¥ç»†èŒçš„模型ä¸æµ‹é‡æ•ˆçŽ‡æ¥è¿›è¡ŒéªŒè¯ã€‚清洗,消毒,干燥和微生物å¦æž„æˆäº†æ‰€æœ‰å›½å®¶ç›¸å…³çš„å†å¤„ç†æ ‡å‡†çš„基础。
æ ‡å‡†è§„å®šäº†å¯æŽ¥å—的最低实践。
术诓指嗔和“æ ‡å‡†”å‡ç”¨äºŽæ述内镜å†å¤„ç†è¯´æ˜Ž[3,4]。
内镜å†å¤„ç†ä¸æœ€é‡è¦çš„æ¥éª¤æ˜¯åœ¨æ¶ˆæ¯’之å‰è¿›è¡Œä»”细的手工清洗。 如果清洗ä¸å……分,消毒将失败 [5–7]。
手工清洗必须由熟悉内镜结构并接å—过清洗技术培è®çš„人员进行。内镜使用åŽåº”ç«‹å³å¼€å§‹æ¸…洗,以å…生物ææ–™å˜å¹²å’Œå˜ç¡¬ã€‚应使用适当的清æ´å‰‚和清洗设备,尤其是æ¯ä¸ªé’³é“都应使用直径åˆé€‚的刷å。清洗åŽåº”进行彻底冲洗,以确ä¿åœ¨æ¶ˆæ¯’之å‰æ¸…除所有碎屑和清æ´å‰‚。
预清洗:æ¯æ¬¡æ“作åŽï¼Œåœ¨å†…é•œä»è¿žæŽ¥å…‰æºçš„情况下,立å³ç”¨ä¸€æ¬¡æ€§æ— 绒布擦æ‹æ’入管。将远端放入低泡的医用级清æ´å‰‚溶液ä¸ï¼Œå¹¶é€šè¿‡æ‰€æœ‰é’³é“(包括抽å¸/活检钳é“)抽å¸æ¸…æ´å‰‚。用清æ´å‰‚冲洗空气/注水钳é“。 按照厂家的说明,先åŽç”¨æ°´å’Œç©ºæ°”冲洗所有钳é“,包括喷射钳é“(如有)。用清æ´å‰‚冲洗空气/注水钳é“å¯èƒ½éœ€è¦ä½¿ç”¨ç‰¹å®šçš„阀门。
æ–开光æºï¼Œå°†å†…镜装在一个å°é—的容器ä¸è¿è¾“到清æ´åŒºåŸŸï¼Œè¯¥å®¹å™¨å¯é¿å…å› æ»´æ°´æˆ–æº¢å‡ºè€Œé€ æˆçŽ¯å¢ƒæ±¡æŸ“,åŒæ—¶ï¼Œåº”åœ¨å®¹å™¨ä¸Šæ¸…æ¥šåœ°æ ‡è¯†é‡Œé¢çš„内镜已被污染。
至关é‡è¦çš„是,在进一æ¥æ¸…æ´—å‰ï¼Œå†…é•œä¸å…è®¸å¹²ç‡¥ï¼Œå› ä¸ºè¿™å°†ä½¿åŽ»é™¤æœ‰æœºç‰©å˜å¾—困难或ä¸å¯èƒ½ã€‚内镜应在30分钟内åŠæ—¶å¤„ç†ã€‚
在进一æ¥å¤„ç†ä¹‹å‰ï¼Œåº”进行泄æ¼æµ‹è¯•ï¼Œä»¥æ£€æŸ¥æ‰€æœ‰é’³é“的完整性。å¸ä¸‹æ‰€æœ‰é˜€é—¨å’ŒæŒ‰é’®ï¼Œå¹¶æŒ‰ç…§åŽ‚家的说明对仪器进行泄æ¼æµ‹è¯•ã€‚
对按钮ã€é˜€é—¨è¿›è¡Œåˆ·æ´—ã€æ¸…æ´ï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«æ³¨æ„内表é¢ï¼Œå¹¶æŒ‰åŽŸè®¾å¤‡åŽ‚家说明书进行高度消毒或çèŒã€‚
将内镜放在去污区相对“脔的区域ä¸å«æ¸…æ´å‰‚溶液的水槽内,并清洗外表é¢ã€‚æ ¹æ®åŽ‚家的说明,使用适当稀释度的低å‘泡医用级清æ´å‰‚,刷洗活检钳é“的所有å¯æŽ¥è§¦éƒ¨åˆ†ã€‚æ¯ä¸ªé’³é“都应刷洗至清除所有碎屑。刷洗头端和手柄,清洗阀座。并且安装清洗适é…器,按产å“规定的清洗时间用新鲜清æ´å‰‚冲洗钳é“。
内镜应通过以下方å¼è¿›è¡Œå†²æ´—:将水槽ä¸çš„清æ´å‰‚排出,用冷自æ¥æ°´å†²æ´—内镜外表é¢ï¼Œç„¶åŽç”¨è‡ªæ¥æ°´æ³¨æ»¡æ°´æ§½ï¼Œå¹¶æŒ‰ç…§åŽ‚家的说明使用清洗适é…器冲洗钳é“。用空气å¹æ‰«é’³é“以去除冲洗水。
高度消毒在自动内镜消毒机(AFER)ä¸è¿›è¡Œï¼Œè¯¥æ¶ˆæ¯’机应符åˆç›¸å…³çš„å›½å®¶æ ‡å‡†æˆ–èŽ·å¾—ç¾Žå›½é£Ÿå“è¯å“监ç£ç®¡ç†å±€ï¼ˆFDA)的批准。AFERå¯èƒ½æœ‰ï¼Œä¹Ÿå¯èƒ½æ²¡æœ‰è‡ªåŠ¨æ¸…洗周期和消毒周期。所有连接器应针对æ¯ç§å†…镜型å·ä¸“门设计。应该确ä¿åœ¨ä¸€ä¸ªå‘¨æœŸçš„开始和结æŸæ—¶è¿žæŽ¥äº†æ‰€æœ‰é’³é“。如果AFER厂家明确AFER能够清洗和消毒这些å¯æ‹†å¸çš„附件,则å¯è®©è¿™äº›é™„件(包括空气/æ°´å’Œå¸å…¥é˜€ï¼‰å’Œå†…镜一起进行å†å¤„ç†ï¼Œæˆ–者也å¯å¯¹é™„件进行蒸汽çèŒå¤„ç†ã€‚
ç»è¿‡é«˜åº¦æ¶ˆæ¯’åŽï¼Œåœ¨AFERä¸ç”¨äºšå¾®ç±³è¿‡æ»¤å™¨äº§ç”Ÿçš„æ— èŒæ°´å†²æ´—内镜。应定期检查水质。
手工高度消毒是å¦ä¸€ç§æœ‰æ•ˆçš„选择,需由è®ç»ƒæœ‰ç´ ã€ä¸“业的å†å¤„ç†äººå‘˜æ‰§è¡Œï¼Œå¹¶é…备åˆé€‚的个人防护措施。内镜应浸泡在消毒剂ä¸ï¼Œæ‰€æœ‰é’³é“å‡å……满消毒溶液。把按钮和阀门浸入消毒剂ä¸ã€‚仪器应按消毒剂厂家规定的时间ã€æ¸©åº¦å’Œæµ“度浸泡。
通过注入空气清除钳é“ä¸çš„消毒剂,并按消毒剂所è¦æ±‚çš„æ— èŒæ°´å®¹é‡å†²æ´—内镜外部åŠå†…部钳é“,以清除任何消毒剂的痕迹。
æ¯æ¬¡æ¸…æ´—åŽå†…镜应进行干燥,方法是用压缩空气å¹æ‰«é’³é“ä¸çš„水,然åŽç”¨é…’精冲洗钳é“,然åŽç”¨åŠ 压空气进行干燥。酒精冲洗å¯ä¿ƒè¿›å¹²ç‡¥ï¼Œå¹¶å…·æœ‰æ€èŒä½œç”¨ï¼Œæ˜¯æ¶ˆæ¯’的有用辅助手段[8]。
在一些国家(法国ã€è‹±å›½ï¼‰å¯èƒ½ä¸å…è®¸ä½¿ç”¨é…’ç²¾ï¼Œå› ä¸ºäººä»¬æ‹…å¿ƒå˜å¼‚性克雅æ°ç—…(CJD)。
然åŽå°†å†…é•œå˜æ”¾åœ¨åŠ 压风干柜ä¸ä»¥è¿›ä¸€æ¥å¹²ç‡¥ã€‚
如果ä¸ç»å¸¸ä½¿ç”¨å†…镜,则åˆç†çš„åšæ³•æ˜¯å°†å†…é•œå•ç‹¬å˜æ”¾ï¼Œåž‚直悬挂于专用柜,而ä¸æ˜¯åœ¨åŠ 压空气储å˜/干燥柜ä¸ï¼Œå¹¶åœ¨ä¸‹æ¬¡ä½¿ç”¨å‰é‡æ–°å¤„ç†å†…镜。内镜在悬挂å‰åº”完全干燥。
æ¯æ¬¡å†…镜使用åŽåº”æ›´æ¢æ°´ç“¶ï¼Œå¹¶ç”¨è’¸æ±½æ¶ˆæ¯’。水瓶在使用å‰åº”ç«‹å³æ³¨æ»¡æ— èŒæ°´ã€‚
内镜å†å¤„ç†çš„所有必è¦æ¥éª¤éƒ½åº”记录在案,以确ä¿è´¨é‡ï¼Œå¹¶ä¾›æ‚£è€…å¿…è¦æ—¶æ ¸æŸ¥ã€‚
最近关于内镜检查åŽå¤šè¯è€è¯èŒï¼ˆMDROs)爆å‘的报é“,特别是产碳é’éœ‰çƒ¯ç±»è‚ æ†èŒç§‘(CPEs)的爆å‘,使人们对å†å¤„ç†æ–¹æ¡ˆçš„有效性和安全性给予了高度关注。
CPEså·²ç»åœ¨åŒ»é™¢çŽ¯å¢ƒä¸äº§ç”Ÿï¼Œç”±äºŽå…¶å¯¹æŠ—ç”Ÿç´ çš„è€è¯æ€§ï¼Œå¯èƒ½å¯¼è‡´ä¸´åºŠæ„ŸæŸ“,其å‘病率和æ»äº¡çŽ‡å‡å¾ˆé«˜ã€‚一些国家报é“了内镜术åŽCPE的爆å‘,通常å‘ç”Ÿåœ¨å†…é•œé€†è¡Œèƒ°èƒ†ç®¡é€ å½±ï¼ˆERCP) [9] ,也å¯åœ¨æ”¯æ°”管镜检查[10], 胃镜检查[11–13], 和软性膀胱镜检查åŽå‘生[14]。通常,微生物监测å¯ç¡®å®šå•ä¸€æ¥æºçš„MDRO爆å‘,该æ¥æºå¯è¿½æº¯åˆ°ç½ªé祸首的内镜,尽管进行了å†å¤„ç†ï¼Œè¯¥å†…é•œä»å¤šæ¬¡ä¼ æ’äº†åŸºå› ç›¸ä¼¼çš„ç»†èŒã€‚
MDROs也å¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡å†…é•œå¶å°”ä¼ æ’,而没有å‘çŽ°é€šè¿‡åŸºå› æ£€æµ‹ç¡®å®šçš„å•ä¸€æ¥æºã€‚在对ä½é™¢æ‚£è€…çš„ç—…ä¾‹å¯¹ç…§ç ”ç©¶ä¸ï¼Œæœ€è¿‘å‘现内镜检查(包括胃镜检查ã€æ”¯æ°”管镜检查和ERCP)是获得性MDRO定æ¤/感染的é‡è¦å±é™©å› ç´ [13,15–17]。
在细èŒæ„ŸæŸ“爆å‘之å‰ï¼Œå‘表的关于内镜检查åŽä¸´åºŠæ„ŸæŸ“的报é“并ä¸å¤šè§ã€‚然而,对准备就绪的内镜进行培养和监测结果进行回顾表明,至少2-4%的内镜(包括胃镜ã€ç»“è‚ é•œå’ŒåäºŒæŒ‡è‚ é•œï¼‰åœ¨ä¼ æ’细èŒ[18–21]ã€‚åœ¨èƒƒé•œå’Œç»“è‚ é•œæ£€æŸ¥ä¸ï¼Œå¯¹æŠ—ç”Ÿç´ æ•æ„Ÿçš„è‚ é“细èŒçš„ä¼ æ’å¾ˆå°‘å¼•èµ·ä¸´åºŠç–¾ç—…ï¼Œä½†ä¼ æ’的细èŒå¯èƒ½ä¼šå®šæ¤åœ¨ç—…人身上[22,23]。
åœ¨è¿‡åŽ»ï¼Œæ— æ³•ç¡®å®šæŠ—ç”Ÿç´ æ•æ„Ÿçš„è‚ é“细èŒçš„ä¼ æ’å’ŒéšåŽçš„定æ¤ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯çŽ°åœ¨CPEså¯ä»¥ä½œä¸ºä¼ æ’çš„æ ‡å¿—[24]。CPEs的出现暴露了å†å¤„ç†è¿‡ç¨‹ä¸é•¿æœŸå˜åœ¨çš„缺陷。
与近期爆å‘相关的许多问题都是过去公认的问题,包括è¿å清洗和消毒规程,ç»å¸¸åœ¨å‚¨å˜å‰æœªå½»åº•å¹²ç‡¥ä»¥åŠéšåŒ¿çš„å†…é•œç ´æŸä¼šå½±å“清æ´æ€§ã€‚然而,也有一些疫情爆å‘,其清洗和消毒是按照指å—进行的,厂家也没在内镜ä¸å‘现任何故障。
最近å‘è¡¨çš„æ–‡ç« è¡¨æ˜Žï¼ŒçŽ°è¡Œçš„å†å¤„ç†æ ‡å‡†æ²¡æœ‰æ供足够的安全性和有效性[25–27]。
为应对疫情,FDA于2015å¹´5月å¬å¼€äº†ä¸€æ¬¡å’¨è¯¢å°ç»„会议[28],鼓励进行补充措施如åŒé‡å†å¤„ç†ï¼ŒçŽ¯æ°§ä¹™çƒ·çèŒæˆ–液体çèŒå¤„ç†ç³»ç»Ÿçš„使用。在æ出这些建议的15个月åŽï¼Œå¯¹ç¾Žå›½ERCP术者的调查å‘现,63%çš„ä¸å¿ƒæ£åœ¨è¿›è¡ŒåŒé‡æ¶ˆæ¯’å’Œ12%的环氧乙烷çèŒ[29]。然而,这些é¢å¤–的措施昂贵åˆè´¹æ—¶ï¼ŒçŽ¯æ°§ä¹™çƒ·çèŒä¹Ÿä¸å®¹æ˜“获得[27]。
在该建议å‘布åŽï¼Œä¸€é¡¹éšæœºè¯•éªŒæ¯”较了三ç§å†å¤„ç†æ–¹æ¡ˆï¼ˆæ ‡å‡†çš„高度消毒,åŒé‡é«˜åº¦æ¶ˆæ¯’和环氧乙烷çèŒï¼‰ï¼Œå¾—出的结论是,这些强化消毒方法没有æä¾›é¢å¤–çš„ä¿æŠ¤ä»¥é˜²æ¢æ±¡æŸ“[27]。å¦ä¸€é¡¹éšæœºè¯•éªŒè¡¨æ˜Žï¼ŒåŒé‡é«˜åº¦æ¶ˆæ¯’方法并ä¸æ¯”æ ‡å‡†é«˜åº¦æ¶ˆæ¯’å¥½[30]。
人们é€æ¸è®¤è¯†åˆ°ï¼Œå†…镜上的生物膜影å“清洗和消毒[31–33]。æ®æŠ¥é“,导致疫情爆å‘çš„æ¡ä»¶æœ‰åŠ©äºŽç”Ÿç‰©è†œçš„å½¢æˆå’Œç”Ÿé•¿ï¼›è¿™äº›æ¡ä»¶åŒ…括清洗ä¸å……分ã€å¹²ç‡¥ä¸å……分ã€å†…é•œéšè”½ç ´æŸï¼ˆåŒ…括钳é“æŸå)和è¿åå†å¤„ç†ç¨‹åºã€‚
生物膜的预防和控制是指å—ä¸æ‰€è¿°çš„å†å¤„ç†çš„æ ¸å¿ƒé—®é¢˜ã€‚
指å—的更改大致概括如下:
注æ„åŠæ—¶æ¸…洗,消毒和完全干燥会å‡ç¼“已形æˆçš„生物膜的生长,并防æ¢ç»†èŒå½¢æˆæ–°çš„生物膜。
在人工或AFERå†å¤„ç†ä¹‹åŽè¿›è¡Œå¹²ç‡¥æ˜¯éžå¸¸é‡è¦çš„,å¯å¿½ç•¥AFER厂家的声明。
注:如有需è¦ï¼ŒåäºŒæŒ‡è‚ é•œå¯åœ¨åˆæ¬¡åŠ 压风干åŽæˆ–在柜内风干循环完æˆå‰ç”¨äºŽå¦ä¸€ä¸ªç—…人。
CPE通过粪-å£é€”å¾„ä¼ æ’ã€‚ä¼ æ’æ–¹å¼é€šå¸¸æ˜¯é€šè¿‡åŒ»åŠ¡äººå‘˜çš„污染åŒæ‰‹æˆ–污染物。 产碳é’霉烯酶的细èŒé€šå¸¸åœ¨åŒ»é™¢åºŸæ°´ä¸å‘现,它们也在水槽和水龙头ä¸å‘现[35]。ERCP术åŽMDRO爆å‘期间调查å‘现,消毒å‰ç”¨äºŽå†²æ´—åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ é•œçš„æ°´æ§½å’Œæ°´ä¸å˜åœ¨MDRO的罪é祸首[36]。CPE的预防和控制指å—强调手å«ç”Ÿã€ç§¯æžç›‘测和接触预防措施以åŠçŽ¯å¢ƒæ¸…æ´ã€‚内镜检查å•ä½åº”执行国家和地方关于多è¯è€è¯èŒæ„ŸæŸ“控制的指导方针。æ高手å«ç”Ÿä¾ä»Žæ€§çš„培è®å‡å°‘äº†æ„ŸæŸ“çš„ä¼ æ’[37]。
有关å†å¤„ç†çš„详细建议已列于国际和国家准则/æ ‡å‡†ã€‚æ¥è‡ªç¾Žå›½ã€æ¬§æ´²ã€ä¸å›½ã€ä¸œå—亚和ä¸ä¸œçš„最新指å—å·²ç»æ›´æ–°ï¼Œä»¥åæ˜ æœ€æ–°çš„ç ”ç©¶ç»“æžœå’ŒåŽ‚å®¶çš„å»ºè®®[3,4,26,38–41]。这些指å—将为其它国家和区域指å—的制定æä¾›å‚考。
在所有国家,å«ç”Ÿèµ„æºéƒ½æ˜¯æ ¹æ®æˆæœ¬æ•ˆç›Šåˆ†æžè¿›è¡Œåˆ†é…的。低收入和ä¸ç‰æ”¶å…¥å›½å®¶çš„优先资æºè¶Šæ¥è¶Šæ³¨é‡æˆæœ¬æ•ˆç›Š[42]。内镜检查的æˆæœ¬æ•ˆç›Šå¯ä»¥ä»Žæä¾›æœåŠ¡çš„æˆæœ¬ã€å–得的结果和并å‘症的æŸå¤±æ¥ä¼°è®¡[43]。CPEçš„å‡ºçŽ°å¢žåŠ äº†å†…é•œæ£€æŸ¥åŽå‘生严é‡æ„ŸæŸ“çš„é£Žé™©ï¼Œä»Žè€Œå¢žåŠ äº†ä¸å……分å†å¤„ç†çš„æˆæœ¬ã€‚在å‘达国家和ä¸ä½Žæ”¶å…¥å›½å®¶ï¼Œç®¡ç†CPE感染的æˆæœ¬éƒ½å¾ˆé«˜[44,45]。
ä¼ æ’CPE的风险å–决于:
æ¯ä¸ªå›½å®¶å’ŒåŒ»é™¢éƒ½åº”了解当地CPEçš„æµè¡Œæƒ…况,以便实施适当的风险管ç†ã€‚
内镜医师必须了解å†å¤„ç†çš„原则,并æ„识到当内镜å†å¤„ç†å¤±è´¥æ—¶å¯¹ç—…人的风险。
在è´ä¹°äºŒæ‰‹è®¾å¤‡æ—¶ï¼ŒåŒ»é™¢åº”è¦æ±‚查看内镜以往的维护和维修记录。应更æ¢æ—§çš„或以å‰æ£€æŸ¥è´Ÿè·è¿‡å¤§çš„é’³é“å’ŒO形圈。
内镜å†å¤„ç†åº”由多å¦ç§‘委员会管ç†ã€‚
æˆåŠŸçš„å†å¤„ç†ä¾èµ–于许多相互关è”的过程,由åŒé‡æ ‡å‡†ç®¡ç†ã€‚内镜æœåŠ¡çš„æ供最好由多å¦ç§‘委员会管ç†ï¼ŒåŒ…括护士ã€å†…镜医师ã€æ„ŸæŸ“控制和工程人员,最é‡è¦çš„是管ç†å±‚[26,46,47]。
在低收入和ä¸ç‰æ”¶å…¥å›½å®¶ï¼Œå¯èƒ½ç¼ºä¹åŸºç¡€è®¾æ–½å’Œè®ç»ƒæœ‰ç´ 的人员[45]。
如果资æºæœ‰é™ï¼Œåœ°æ–¹å¤šå¦ç§‘委员会应审查å¯é€‰çš„æ–¹æ¡ˆï¼Œå¹¶æ ¹æ®å½“地情况进行风险评估并作出决定。
内镜检查åŽMDRO爆å‘期间,患者å¯èƒ½è¢«ç»†èŒå®šæ¤ï¼Œæœ€åˆæ²¡æœ‰ä¸´åºŠç—‡çŠ¶ï¼Œä»…在数周至数月åŽå‘展为严é‡çš„全身感染,æ®æŠ¥é“æ»äº¡çŽ‡é«˜è¾¾40ï¼…[36,52]。
尽管进行了å†å¤„ç†ï¼Œä½†é€šå¸¸è¿˜æ˜¯ä¼šå¤šæ¬¡ä»Žä¸€ä¸ªå†…é•œä¸ä¼ æ’一ç§CPE。内镜上的生物膜å¯ä»¥å¾ˆå¥½åœ°è§£é‡Šè¿™ç§æµè¡Œç—…å¦ï¼Œè¿™ç§ç”Ÿç‰©è†œå¯ä»¥ä¿æŠ¤ç»†èŒå…å—æ¸…æ´—å’Œæ¶ˆæ¯’ï¼Œå¹¶å……å½“ä¼ æ’感染的容器。
在1999年疾病控制和预防ä¸å¿ƒï¼ˆCDC)报告的支气管镜检查åŽäº§ç¢³é’霉烯酶的铜绿å‡å•èƒžèŒçš„爆å‘,人们认为在难以清洗的ç‹çª„内镜钳é“ä¸å½¢æˆç”Ÿç‰©è†œæ˜¯å¯¼è‡´çˆ†å‘çš„åŽŸå› [53]。éšåŽçš„ä¸€é¡¹ç ”ç©¶ä½¿ç”¨æ‰«æ电å显微镜检查了内镜钳é“的表é¢ï¼Œè¯å®žäº†å˜åœ¨ç”Ÿç‰©è†œï¼Œå¹¶é€šå¸¸å˜åœ¨äºŽè¡¨é¢ç¼ºæŸä¸[32]ã€‚å…¶å®ƒç ”ç©¶ä¹Ÿå‘现å˜åœ¨äºŽå†…镜钳é“ä¸çš„生物膜[54–56] 和疫情爆å‘的罪é祸首[57–59]。
生物膜是一ç§ç»†èŒèŒè½ï¼Œé€šè¿‡èƒžå¤–多糖基质附ç€åœ¨è¡¨é¢å¹¶ç›¸äº’连接。生活在生物膜ä¸çš„细èŒå…·æœ‰ä¸åŒäºŽåŒä¸€èŒç§çš„自由漂浮(浮游)细èŒçš„特性。生物膜ä¸çš„细èŒå¯¹æŽ¨èçš„å†å¤„ç†æµ“度下使用的消毒剂具有抗è¯æ€§[60]。浮游的CPEå¯åœ¨1åˆ†é’Ÿå†…è¢«æ ‡å‡†æ¶ˆæ¯’å‰‚æ€æ»ï¼Œä¸ºå…于这些浮游细èŒæ„ŸæŸ“æ供了很大的安全范围[61]。然而,生物膜基质é™åˆ¶äº†æ¶ˆæ¯’剂的扩散,并且消毒剂难以穿é€å¤šå±‚细胞和生物膜基质[62]ã€‚æ ‡å‡†æµ“åº¦çš„æ¶ˆæ¯’å‰‚ä¸èƒ½å¯é 地æ€æ»ç”Ÿç‰©è†œå†…çš„åŒä¸€ç§ç»†èŒ[63]。内镜钳é“表é¢ç ´æŸä¸ç§¯èšçš„生物膜(BBF)ä¸çš„细èŒä¹Ÿå—到有机碎片和交è”蛋白的ä¿æŠ¤ï¼Œä½¿å®ƒä»¬æ›´éš¾é€šè¿‡æ ‡å‡†çš„å†å¤„ç†è¿›è¡Œæ€ç[31,55]。目å‰çš„å†å¤„ç†å‚数是基于使用人工土壤和浮游细èŒçš„模型的数æ®ï¼Œè€Œä¸æ˜¯ç”Ÿç‰©è†œæˆ–BBFä¸çš„细èŒçš„模型。
生物膜是附ç€åœ¨å†…镜钳é“表é¢çš„细èŒçš„储库,在良好的æ¡ä»¶ä¸‹ï¼Œç”Ÿç‰©è†œä¸çš„细èŒå¯ä»¥ç¹æ®–ã€åˆ†ç¦»ã€æ¢å¤æµ®æ¸¸çŠ¶æ€ï¼Œå¹¶åœ¨å†…镜检查ä¸ä¼ æ’给病人[31]。水分和养分供应促进生物膜的生长和浮游细èŒçš„释放。
过去,人们低估了水分在储å˜è¿‡ç¨‹ä¸ä¿ƒè¿›ç”Ÿç‰©è†œç”Ÿé•¿çš„作用以åŠå†å¤„ç†åŽå®Œå…¨å¹²ç‡¥çš„é‡è¦æ€§ã€‚ç›®å‰çš„è¯æ®è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œ95%的内镜在酒精冲洗åŽã€3分钟的干燥周期和在普通的橱柜ä¸è¿‡å¤œåŽï¼Œé’³é“ä¸ä»æœ‰å¯è§çš„水分[64]。储å˜æœŸé—´ä¿æŒå†…镜尤其是钳é“ä¸å—潮是优先考虑的事项。
ç”Ÿç‰©è†œå¾ˆå®¹æ˜“åœ¨å†…é•œç ´æŸå¤„å½¢æˆï¼Œé€šå¸¸æ˜¯æ´»æ£€é’³é“上的纵å‘磨æŸç—•è¿¹ï¼Œå¾ˆéš¾æˆ–ä¸å¯èƒ½é€šè¿‡æ ‡å‡†çš„å†å¤„ç†åŽ»é™¤[31,32,55,65]。多ä¸å¿ƒç ”究å‘现,检查的所有45å°å‡†å¤‡å°±ç»ªçš„内镜å‡å˜åœ¨ç ´æŸ[66]。用内视镜进行钳é“检查通常å¯è¯†åˆ«éšåŒ¿çš„表é¢ç ´æŸ[66–68]。内镜应定期进行维护,以识别和修å¤è‚‰çœ¼å¯è§çš„ç ´æŸï¼Œå¹¶å®šæœŸæ›´æ¢é’³é“,以å‡å°‘éšåŒ¿ç ´æŸçš„å‘生率,并有助于ä¿æŒé’³é“表é¢å…‰æ»‘ã€æ¸…æ´[6,37]。Verfallieç‰äººåœ¨è°ƒæŸ¥å› åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ é•œçˆ†å‘疫情的罪é祸首ä¸ï¼Œå‘现åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ é•œçš„O型环是一个值得关注的é‡è¦é¢†åŸŸï¼›è¿™äº›çŽ¯åº”与钳é“一起æ¯å¹´æ›´æ¢ä¸€æ¬¡[36]。其它内镜å¯èƒ½éœ€è¦è¾ƒå°‘频率的钳é“æ›´æ¢ï¼Œæ ¹æ®å·¥ä½œé‡çš„ä¸åŒï¼Œå¯èƒ½æ¯å¹´æ›´æ¢1-2次。
åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ é•œéš¾ä»¥æ´—å’Œæ¶ˆæ¯’ã€‚é™¤äº†å¤æ‚的设计外,诸如接å—ERCP治疗的患者的特å¾å’Œæ‰€é‡‡å–的干预措施ç‰å› ç´ è¿˜å¢žåŠ äº†åœ¨æ‰‹æœ¯è¿‡ç¨‹ä¸ä¼ æ’细èŒçš„定æ¤å’ŒéšåŽæ„ŸæŸ“的风险。
æ ¹æ®é˜³æ€§ç›‘测培养物判æ–,åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ é•œçš„æ±¡æŸ“çŽ‡ä¸Žèƒƒé•œå’Œç»“è‚ é•œçš„æ±¡æŸ“çŽ‡ç›¸ä¼¼ [18–21]ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œæ‚£è€…特å¾å’Œæ‰€é‡‡å–的干预措施是ERCPåŽç–«æƒ…爆å‘å‘ç”ŸçŽ‡è¾ƒé«˜çš„ä¸»å¯¼å› ç´ ã€‚
通过改进åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ é•œçš„æ¸…æ´å’Œæ¶ˆæ¯’以åŠæ”¹è¿›æ‰€æœ‰å†…镜的å†å¤„ç†ï¼Œå¯ä»¥æœ€å¥½åœ°è§£å†³çˆ†å‘的风险。厂家更新的清æ´æ–¹æ¡ˆæ˜¯åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ é•œå†å¤„ç†çš„é‡è¦æ”¹è¿›ã€‚对包å«4307ç§åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ é•œåŸ¹å…»ç‰©çš„è´¨é‡ä¿è¯çš„æ•°æ®åº“的回顾å‘现,实施新的清æ´æ–¹æ¡ˆæ˜¾è‘—é™ä½Žäº†é˜³æ€§åŸ¹å…»ç‰©çš„比例[69]。
干燥的å†å¤„ç†æ¥éª¤é€šå¸¸è¢«å¿½ç•¥æˆ–执行ä¸å®Œå…¨ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”容易出现人为错误[37]。美国一项对249个内镜检查å•ä½è¿›è¡ŒERCPå†å¤„ç†çš„调查å‘现,52%çš„ä¸å¿ƒä¸ç¬¦åˆå¤šå会指å—ï¼Œä¹Ÿæ²¡æœ‰ä½¿ç”¨åŠ åŽ‹ç©ºæ°”å¹²ç‡¥å†…é•œ[70]。指å—相互ä¸ä¸€è‡´ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸æ€»æ˜¯è§„定充分干燥的å‚æ•°[71]ã€‚æœ€è¿‘çš„ç ”ç©¶å‘现,在å†å¤„ç†å’Œå¹²ç‡¥åŽï¼Œé«˜è¾¾95%的内镜钳é“内残留液体,这表明干燥指å—需è¦æ”¹è¿›[55,64]。
生物膜需è¦æ°´åˆ†æ‰èƒ½ç”Ÿé•¿ã€‚Alfaå’ŒSitter在一篇é‡è¦çš„论文ä¸è¯æ˜Žï¼Œå¦‚æžœåäºŒæŒ‡è‚ é•œåœ¨å†å¤„ç†åŽä¿æŒæ½®æ¹¿ï¼Œå‡å•èƒžèŒå’Œä¸åŠ¨æ†èŒçš„ç§ç±»ä¼šè¿…速增长[72]。在所有检测的åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ é•œä¸ï¼Œç”¨åŠ 压空气干燥10分钟å¯é˜²æ¢è¿™ç§ç»†èŒè¿‡åº¦ç”Ÿé•¿ã€‚酒精冲洗åŽåŠ 压风干的实施结æŸäº†1980年代ERCPåŽå‡å•èƒžèŒæ„ŸæŸ“的爆å‘[73]ã€‚æœ€è¿‘çš„ç ”ç©¶è¯å®žï¼Œé…’精冲洗åŽ10åˆ†é’Ÿçš„åŠ åŽ‹é£Žå¹²æ¯”é…’ç²¾å†²æ´—åŽæ›´çŸã€å¯å˜çš„åŠ åŽ‹é£Žå¹²æ—¶é—´æ›´æœ‰æ•ˆ[66,74]。
围手术期注册护士å会(AORN)指å—[4]建议内镜应å˜æ”¾åœ¨å¹²ç‡¥æŸœä¸ï¼Œå¹¶æŒ‡å‡º“大é‡è¯æ®è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œè½¯æ€§å†…é•œåˆé€‚的储å˜æœ‰åŠ©äºŽå¹²ç‡¥ï¼Œå‡å°‘污染的å¯èƒ½æ€§ï¼Œå¹¶èƒ½ä¿æŠ¤å…于环境污染”。
这一建议得到了一项对准备就绪的内镜(包括åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ é•œã€èƒƒé•œã€ç»“è‚ é•œå’Œè¶…å£°å†…é•œï¼‰çš„ç›‘æµ‹åŸ¹å…»çš„å›žé¡¾ç ”ç©¶çš„æ”¯æŒï¼Œè¯¥å›žé¡¾ç ”究å‘现,引入干燥柜显著é™ä½Žäº†å†…镜污染的风险[75]ã€‚ä¸Žæ ‡å‡†å‚¨è—æŸœç›´æŽ¥ç›¸æ¯”è¾ƒï¼ŒåŠ åŽ‹é£Žå¹²æŸœå¹²ç‡¥å†…é•œå¯ä»¥æ›´å¿«ï¼Œæ˜¾è‘—å‡å°‘微生物的生长[76]。
二甲硅油是用于内镜检查以改善视野的硅胶èšåˆç‰©ã€‚éšæœºè¯•éªŒè¯å®žå¯å‡å°‘气泡数é‡å’Œæ”¹å–„视野。但是二甲硅油ä¸æ˜¯æ°´æº¶æ€§çš„ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œ2009年奥林巴斯公å¸æé†’ç”¨æ ‡å‡†çš„å†å¤„ç†å¾ˆéš¾é™¤åŽ»äºŒç”²ç¡…æ²¹[77]。 2016年,van Stiphoutç‰äººæŠ¥é“ç§°ï¼Œå¦‚æžœåœ¨é€šè¿‡ç»“è‚ é•œçš„å–·æ°´é’³é“注入的水ä¸åŠ 入二甲硅油,在喷水接头和钳é“ä¸ä¼šå½¢æˆæ™¶ä½“沉积 [78]ã€‚æœ€è¿‘çš„ä¸€é¡¹ç ”ç©¶è¯å®žï¼Œä»Žæ´»æ£€/抽å¸é’³é“ä¸å†²æ´—下æ¥çš„å„ç§æµ“度的二甲硅油会形æˆä¸€ç§æ®‹ä½™ç‰©ï¼Œæ ‡å‡†çš„å†å¤„ç†ä¸èƒ½å®Œå…¨æ¸…除[79]。残留的二甲硅油å¯èƒ½ä¼šå¹²æ‰°å¹²ç‡¥å¹¶å¢žåŠ 生物膜形æˆçš„风险,这å¯èƒ½ä¼šå¯¼è‡´å¾®ç”Ÿç‰©å¹¸å…于高度消毒和çèŒã€‚2018å¹´6月,奥林巴斯公å¸å»ºè®®ä¸è¦ä½¿ç”¨äºŒç”²ç¡…油和其它éžæ°´æº¶æ€§ç‰©è´¨[80]ã€‚æœ€è¿‘çš„ä¸€ç¯‡æ–‡ç« è¯„è®ºæŒ‡å‡ºï¼ŒPentaxå’ŒFujiFilm也都建议ä¸è¦åœ¨ä»–们的内镜上使用二甲硅油,作者建议应éµå¾ªå†…镜厂家的说明[81]。
æžå°‘有è¯æ®æ示内镜检查有å‘ç”Ÿå¯„ç”Ÿè™«ä¼ æŸ“çš„é£Žé™©ã€‚ç”±äºŽå¤§å¤šæ•°å¯„ç”Ÿè™«æ„ŸæŸ“äººä½“è¦æ±‚æœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªç”Ÿå‘½å‘¨æœŸï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œä¸ä¼šå‘ç”Ÿæ€¥æ€§æ„ŸæŸ“ã€‚å¤§å¤šæ•°æ½œåœ¨çš„æ„ŸæŸ“æ€§å¯„ç”Ÿè™«æ— æ³•åœ¨å†…é•œå†å¤„ç†ä¸å¹¸å˜ä¸‹æ¥ã€‚
一般认为,内镜检查ä¸ä¼šå‘ç”Ÿè •è™«ã€çº¿è™«ã€æ‰è •è™«ã€å¼‚尖线虫,或è‚å¸è™«å¦‚è‚片å¸è™«æ„ŸæŸ“,但有4例胃镜有关的食管圆线虫食管炎病例报告[82]。但是,å‘生贾第éžæ¯›è™«ï¼Œéšå¢å虫和阿米巴虫感染的风险在上å‡ã€‚
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