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浙江大å¦åŒ»å¦é™¢é™„属邵逸夫医院感染科(310016)
2017年更新版
评阅组
Muhammad Umar(主å¸ï¼Œå·´åŸºæ–¯å¦)
Aamir G. Khan(å…±åŒä¸»å¸ï¼Œå·´åŸºæ–¯å¦)
Zaigham Abbas(巴基斯å¦)
Sanjeev Arora(å°åº¦)
Naqvi Asifabbas(英国)
Andre Elewaut (比利时)
Gamal Esmat (埃åŠ)
Graham Foster(英国)
Michael Fried (瑞士)
Khean-L Goh(马æ¥è¥¿äºš)
Hamama Tul Bushra Khaar (巴基斯å¦)
Tayyab Saeed Akhter (巴基斯å¦)
Michio Imawari (日本)
Vasily Isakov (ä¿„ç½—æ–¯)
Douglas LaBrecque (美国)
Anton LeMair (è·å…°)
Peter Malfertheiner (德国)
Steve Ryder (英国)
Peter Schiedermaier (德国)
Davor Stimac (克罗地亚)
Rakesh Tandon (å°åº¦)
Federico Villamil(é˜¿æ ¹å»·)
Rodrigo Zapata (智利)
and special advisor Peter Ferenci (奥地利)
通讯信æ¯
Professor Muhammad Umar— e-mail: drumarpk@yahoo.com
Principal/Dean, Rawalpindi Medical College; Chief Allied Hospitals Rawalpindi; Chair & Professor of Medicine; Rawalpindi Medical College Rawalpindi Pakistan; Chief Gastroenterology & Hepatology Division; Clinical Coordinator of Hepatitis Prevention and Control Program; Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi Pakistan; Ex-Governor, American College of Gastroenterology (ACG); Chairman AsiaHep Pakistan; Past President Pakistan Society of Gastroenterology; Past President Pakistan Society of Hepatology; President Rawalians’ Research Forum
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本指å—针对全çƒæ‰€æœ‰å‚与丙型è‚炎管ç†çš„医务人员,包括åˆçº§åŒ»ç–—ä¿å¥å’ŒäºŒçº§åŒ»ç–—ä¿å¥äººå‘˜ã€‚本指å—涵盖儿童和æˆäººä¸™åž‹è‚炎病毒(HCV)感染或暴露åŽç®¡ç†è¿‡ç¨‹çš„所有阶段:ç›æŸ¥ï¼Œæ£€éªŒï¼Œè¯Šæ–,转诊,治疗,护ç†ä»¥åŠéšè®¿ã€‚
æ¯å¹´éƒ½æœ‰å¾ˆå¤šè‘—å的医疗机构å‘布指å—,其ä¸ä¸€äº›“é‡‘æ ‡å‡†”的治疗方案å‡æ˜¯ä¸ºæ‹¥æœ‰å……足医疗资æºçš„医师制定的。表1列有针对丙è‚管ç†çš„主è¦å›½é™…指å—。
对许多å‘展ä¸å›½å®¶çš„医生而言,上述指å—å¯èƒ½æ˜¯ä¸ç¬¦åˆå®žé™…和难以应用的。若西方的指å—未能认识到这一点,将ä¸åˆ©äºŽç›¸å…³ä¸´åºŠçŸ¥è¯†å’ŒåŒ»å¦è¯æ®çš„ä¼ æ’。为了使指å—æ›´åŠ é€‚ç”¨ä¸åŒçš„医å¦èµ„æºçŽ¯å¢ƒï¼Œä¸–ç•Œèƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦ç»„织(WGO)æ出了“分层化推è”çš„æ¦‚å¿µï¼Œæ ¹æ®åŒ»ç–—æ¡ä»¶å’Œå¯åˆ©ç”¨èµ„æºè¿›è¡Œç›¸å…³è¯Šæ–和治疗方案的分层设置[6]。
WGO 指å—ä¸åŒ…å«äº†ä¸ºèµ„金有é™çš„临床医生制定的替代方案。这些方案的制定主è¦åŸºäºŽæ²»ç–—æˆæœ¬ï¼Œä¹Ÿä¼šè€ƒè™‘到当地资æºçš„å¯åŠæ€§ï¼ŒæŠ€æœ¯å’ŒåŸºç¡€è®¾æ–½ã€‚分层化推è从简å•çš„选项列表,到较为å¤æ‚的并行的诊æ–和治疗的临床路径,并且从“资æºç›²ç›®æ€§”呓资æºä¾èµ–性”转å˜ã€‚ä¸å¯é¿å…的,分层化推è更多的基于ç»éªŒæ€§è¯æ®ï¼Œè€Œéžé‡‘æ ‡å‡†æ–¹æ¡ˆã€‚ç ”ç©¶ç»è´¹æ€»æ˜¯æ›´å¤šçš„投入到“最佳方案”的优化上,å´ç”šå°‘为å‘展ä¸å›½å®¶çš„临床实践åšå‡ºåŠªåŠ›ã€‚然而,通过å‘展ä¸å›½å®¶é‡Œä¸´åºŠä¸“家的积æžå‚与,临床共识ä¾ç„¶å¯ä»¥è¾¾æˆã€‚指å—ä¸æ›´åŠ 广泛的使用分层化推èï¼Œå°†ä¼šä¿ƒè¿›ä¸´åºŠç ”ç©¶æ›´åå‘于医疗资æºå—é™æ—¶å¯¹æœ€ä½³æ²»ç–—方案的探索。
在探讨HCV感染的全çƒæµè¡Œç—…å¦æ—¶ï¼Œéœ€è¦äº†è§£“西北”å’Œ“东嗔之间的差异。在北åŠçƒå’Œè¥¿æ–¹å›½å®¶ï¼ŒHCV 感染率较低[7,8],而在å—åŠçƒå’Œä¸œæ–¹å›½å®¶çš„感染率处于ä¸ç‰å’Œè¾ƒé«˜æ°´å¹³[9-11],这导致了原本就资æºåŒ®ä¹çš„国家é¢ä¸´æ›´é«˜çš„医疗æˆæœ¬å’Œç»æµŽè´Ÿæ‹…ã€‚å› æœªèƒ½å¾ˆå¥½åœ°æ‰§è¡Œå¸¸è§„çš„æ„ŸæŸ“æŽ§åˆ¶æŒ‡å—,东方国家HCV 感染的主è¦å±é™©å› ç´ æ˜¯ä¸å®‰å…¨çš„治疗注射,包括é‡å¤ä½¿ç”¨æ³¨å°„器ã€é’ˆå¤´æˆ–者其它需è¦å›žæ”¶åŽé‡å¤åˆ©ç”¨å´æœªç»å……åˆ†æ¶ˆæ¯’çš„å™¨æ¢°ã€‚è¿™äº›å› ç´ å½±å“了å‘展ä¸å›½å®¶çš„治疗ç–略,也凸显了强化预防措施ã€å…¬ä¼—认知ã€å¥åº·æ•™è‚²ï¼Œä»¥åŠå«ç”Ÿä¿å¥äººå‘˜å’Œæ”¿åºœç›¸å…³éƒ¨é—¨çš„é‡è¦æ€§ã€‚å¦ä¸€æ–¹é¢ï¼Œåœ¨è¥¿æ–¹å‘达国家,HCV的主è¦é€šè¿‡é™è„‰æ¯’å“æ³¨å°„äººå‘˜ä¹‹é—´å› å…±ç”¨æ³¨å°„å™¨æ¢°ä¼ æ’。é™è„‰æ¯’å“注射人员HCV抗体阳性率处于35%∽61% [12,13],在美国HCV感染新å‘病例ä¸60∽80%为é™è„‰å¸æ¯’人员。
æ¤å¤–,å—诊æ–检测方法的å¯åŠï¼Œä»¥åŠæˆæœ¬å’Œè´¨é‡çš„å½±å“,HCVç›æŸ¥æžå…¶å›°éš¾ï¼ˆå³ä½¿åœ¨é«˜å±äººç¾¤ä¸ï¼‰ï¼Œå¯¼è‡´æ•°æ®æ”¶é›†å’ŒæŠ¥é“çš„ä¸å‡†ç¡®ã€‚åŒæ ·åœ°ï¼Œå¤šèšé…¶é“¾å应(PCRï¼‰çš„æ ‡å‡†åŒ–ä»¥åŠæ–¹æ³•å¦é—®é¢˜ä½¿å¾—决定“è°éœ€è¦æ²»ç–—”æ›´åŠ å›°éš¾ã€‚
由于一些特殊å±é™©å› ç´ å¦‚é¥®é…’ã€è¯ç‰©æˆç˜¾ã€é™è„‰å¸æ¯’ã€åˆå¹¶æ„ŸæŸ“以åŠäºŒé‡æ„ŸæŸ“ç‰çš„ä¸åŒï¼ŒHCV的自然å²ä¹ŸåŒæ ·å˜åœ¨“东ã€è¥¿æ–¹”间的差异。其它åˆå¹¶ç—‡ï¼ˆå¦‚肥胖和代谢综åˆå¾çš„æµè¡Œï¼‰ä»¥åŠè¥å…»ä¸è‰¯ä¹Ÿå¯å½±å“è‚è„的组织å¦å’Œç–¾ç—…的进程。
丙型è‚炎是由丙型è‚炎病毒(HCVï¼‰å¼•èµ·çš„ä¼ æŸ“æ€§è‚病。æ¤ç—…毒在世界范围内æµè¡Œï¼Œæœ€è¿‘çš„ä¸€é¡¹ç ”ç©¶åˆ†æžï¼ˆå›Šæ‹¬äº†æ‹¥æœ‰90%世界人å£çš„117个国家的1217é¡¹ç ”ç©¶ï¼‰æ˜¾ç¤ºï¼Œçº¦æœ‰1.8亿为HCV血清å¦é˜³æ€§ã€‚HCVåŸºå› 1型最常è§ï¼Œ8340万例(å 全部病例的46.2%),大约1/3çš„ç—…ä¾‹åœ¨ä¸œäºšåœ°åŒºã€‚åŸºå› 3型次之(5430万,30.1%ï¼‰ï¼›åŸºå› 2ã€4ã€6åž‹å…±å 全部病例的22.8%ï¼›åŸºå› 5型比例少于1%。
在开展HCVç›æŸ¥ä¹‹å‰ï¼Œé™è„‰å¸æ¯’ã€çº¹èº«ä»¥åŠé€æžå’Œè¾“è¡€ç‰åŒ»ç–—æ“ä½œé€ æˆäº†HCVçš„å¹¿æ³›ä¼ æ’,丙型è‚ç‚Žå·²ç»æˆä¸ºä¸–界公认的å¥åº·é—®é¢˜[14]。HCV感染分布å˜åœ¨ç›¸å½“大的地域性差异,在东亚ã€æ‹‰ä¸ç¾Žæ´²ã€åœ°ä¸æµ·ï¼Œä»¥åŠåœ¨éžæ´²å’Œä¸œæ¬§æŸäº›åŒºåŸŸä¸æ‚£ç—…率较高。
丙型è‚炎是一个全çƒæ€§çš„挑战。全çƒçš„丙è‚患病率数æ®å¤§å¤šæ˜¯åŸºäºŽHCV血清å¦ç ”究 [15]。然而,WHOæ•°æ®æ¥æºäºŽå·²å‘è¡¨çš„ç ”ç©¶ä»¥åŠå„个国家ã€åœ°åŒºæ交的数æ®ã€‚尽管HCV感染是全çƒæµè¡Œæ€§ç–¾ç—…,但是在世界ä¸åŒåœ°åŒºå…¶åˆ†å¸ƒæƒ…况å˜åœ¨æžå¤§çš„差异[5]。
å‘展ä¸çš„è´«ç©·çš„éžæ´²å’Œäºšæ´²å›½å®¶HCV患病率最高,而在欧洲和北美å‘达的工业化国家患病率较低。慢性感染率较高的国家包括ä¸å›½ï¼Œå·´åŸºæ–¯å¦ï¼Œå°¼æ—¥åˆ©äºšå’ŒåŸƒåŠã€‚é—憾的是,除了埃åŠï¼Œæ‘©æ´›å“¥å’Œå—éžï¼Œå…¶ä»–çš„éžæ´²å›½å®¶æ²¡æœ‰å¾ˆå¥½çš„æ•°æ®ã€‚这些国家HCVä¼ æ’主è¦é€šè¿‡æ±¡æŸ“的器械进行ä¸å®‰å…¨çš„注射,例如在埃åŠï¼Œé•¿è¾¾30多年的时间里,HCV大多通过在长期使用é™è„‰è¯ç‰©(酒石酸锑钾)治疗血å¸è™«ç—…的过程ä¸ï¼Œä½¿ç”¨éžä¸€æ¬¡æ€§çš„çŽ»ç’ƒæ³¨å°„å™¨å¯¼è‡´ä¼ æ’的。
在欧洲,北美和å—美,澳大利亚,日本和埃åŠï¼Œæ…¢æ€§ä¸™è‚是导致è‚硬化最常è§çš„ç—…å› ä»¥åŠè‚移æ¤æœ€å¸¸è§çš„适应è¯ã€‚在25-30年内,患者å‘展æˆè‚硬化的风险为5%∽25%[16]。
HCV主è¦é€šè¿‡çš®è‚¤æš´éœ²ä¼ æ’:é™è„‰å¸æ¯’,针刺伤,医疗机构内感染控制ä¸ä½³ï¼›å…¨çƒä»æœ‰åŒ»æºæ€§æ„ŸæŸ“çš„å‘生。相对少è§çš„是,HCV çš„ä¼ æŸ“å‘生在人类å…疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)阳性的男男性行为ä¸[19] ,以åŠHCV æ¯äº²ç”Ÿäº§è¿‡ç¨‹é‡Œã€‚过度使用注射和ä¸å®‰å…¨çš„注射导致了全çƒå¤§çº¦200-500万人å£çš„HCV 感染[16,20-27]。
一夫一妻异性性接触引起的HCVä¼ æ’风险éžå¸¸ä½Žï¼ˆ1.2%æˆ–è€…æ›´ä½Žï¼‰ï¼Œé€šè¿‡æ€§ä¼ æ’感染HCV的最高概率为0.07%/年或1/190,000次性接触[28]。
HCV感染,å¯ä»¥è¡¨çŽ°ä¸ºè½»åž‹ä»…æŒç»æ•°å‘¨ï¼Œä¹Ÿå¯ä»¥æ˜¯é‡åž‹ï¼ˆæ€¥æ€§æ„ŸæŸ“)或者终生感染(慢性感染)。大约80%的感染者会å‘展为慢性感染,其ä¸å¤§éƒ¨åˆ†è¡¨çŽ°ä¸ºæ…¢æ€§è‚炎。HCV感染的潜ä¼æœŸä¸º14-180 天(平å‡45 天),目å‰å°šæ— 有效针对HCV的疫苗。
HCVæ„ŸæŸ“æ…¢æ€§åŒ–çš„é¢„æµ‹æŒ‡æ ‡[30]:
HCV感染通常进展缓慢,5-15%的患者ç»è¿‡20å¹´å¯ç¼“慢进展为è‚硬化[31]ã€‚ç„¶è€Œï¼Œæœ‰ä¸€äº›ç ”ç©¶å€¾å‘于HCV感染的疾病进程是比较温和的[32],这也说明了纤维化是一个难以预测的过程[33]ã€‚è™½ç„¶éƒ¨åˆ†ç ”ç©¶æŠ¥é“HCV感染者具有较高的自å‘清除率,尤其是年轻患者,但是ä»ç„¶æœ‰æŽ¥è¿‘80%的患者会å‘展为慢性感染[34,35]。
æ¯å¹´å¤§çº¦4-9%çš„è‚硬化患者会å‘展为进行性è‚功能衰ç«ï¼ŒåŽŸå‘性è‚细胞è‚癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)年å‘生率为1-4%[36]。在未æ¥å‡ å年由于进行性è‚功能衰ç«æˆ–HCC,æ»äº¡çŽ‡ä¼šæŒç»å‡é«˜ã€‚在一些国家,HCVæ„ŸæŸ“æ˜¯å¯¼è‡´å› è‚è„疾病æ»äº¡çš„主è¦åŽŸå› ,也是è‚移æ¤çš„主è¦é€‚应症[37]。
约70-80%çš„HCVæ„ŸæŸ“è€…è¡¨çŽ°ä¸ºæ— ç—‡çŠ¶ã€‚åœ¨æ€¥æ€§æ„ŸæŸ“æˆ–æ…¢æ€§è‚炎急性å‘作期,其临床表现与其他类型的病毒性è‚炎类似,包括ä¹åŠ›ã€è…¹ç—›ã€çº³å·®ã€é»„ç–¸ç‰ä¸€ç§æˆ–多ç§ç—‡çŠ¶ã€‚
3.2.1 告知HCV感染者é¿å…ä¼ æ’HCV
3.2.2 社区和医疗ä¿å¥æœºæž„ä¸çš„预防
HCV感染的诊æ–ä¾æ®é…¶è”å…疫法(enzyme-linked immunoassay, ELISA)检测特异性抗体。若抗体阳性,表示曾å—到HCV感染,但ä¸èƒ½é‰´åˆ«æ˜¯æ€¥æ€§æ„ŸæŸ“ã€æ…¢æ€§æ„ŸæŸ“æˆ–å·²ç—Šæ„ˆã€‚å› ä¸º“窗å£æœŸ”çš„å˜åœ¨ï¼Œåœ¨åˆæ¬¡æ„ŸæŸ“çš„å‰å‡ 周抗体å¯èƒ½æ— 法检出,这也å¯å‘生在å…疫抑制患者ä¸ã€‚
甲型è‚炎和乙型è‚ç‚Žå¯æ ¹æ®IgM(Immunoglobulin M)抗体诊æ–是å¦æ˜¯æ€¥æ€§æ„ŸæŸ“。与之ä¸åŒçš„是,急性HCV感染没有相应的血清å¦æŒ‡æ ‡ã€‚慢性HCV感染的ç›æŸ¥ä¾æ®é…¶å…疫法(enzyme immunoassay, EIA)或者化å¦å‘å…‰å…疫分æžæ³•ï¼ˆchemiluminescence immunoassay, CIA)检测HCV抗体;确诊则需è¦ç‰¹å¼‚性更高的检测方法,例如HCV RNA çš„æ ¸é…¸æ£€æµ‹ã€‚
急性丙型è‚炎的诊æ–ä¾æ®ï¼š
如果一开始抗HCVå’ŒHCV RNAå‡é˜³æ€§ï¼Œåˆ™éš¾ä»¥é‰´åˆ«æ€¥æ€§æ„ŸæŸ“和伴一过性ALTå‡é«˜çš„慢性感染。
世界å«ç”Ÿç»„织(WHO)已ç»å¯¹ç¬¬ä¸€ä¸ªå¿«é€ŸHCV诊æ–æµ‹è¯•è¿›è¡Œäº†èµ„æ ¼é¢„å®¡ï¼Œè¿™å°†æœ‰åŠ©äºŽä½Žæ”¶å…¥å’Œä¸ç‰æ”¶å…¥å›½å®¶å¯¹HCV的诊æ–和治疗。由Standard Diagnostics有é™å…¬å¸ï¼ˆéŸ©å›½ï¼‰ç”Ÿäº§çš„æœ€æ–°èŽ·å¾—èµ„æ ¼é¢„å®¡çš„è¯Šæ–测试SD Bioline HCV,是一ç§å³æ—¶è¯Šæ–方法,特别适用于那些缺少检验实验室和å—è®äººå‘˜çš„低资æºå›½å®¶ã€‚å®ƒç±»ä¼¼äºŽå¦Šå¨ è¯•éªŒï¼Œä¸éœ€è¦åŒ»é™¢æœºæž„或电力设施,åªè¦å—过简å•åŸ¹è®çš„医疗工作者就å¯ä»¥æ“作。检测在20分钟内å³æœ‰ç»“果。该产å“尚未在婴幼儿上验è¯[38]。
建议对å±é™©å› ç´ æˆ–ç‰¹å®šå¹´é¾„çš„äººç¾¤è¿›è¡Œç›æŸ¥——ä¸åŒå›½å®¶çš„å±é™©å› ç´ ä¸å°½ç›¸åŒï¼Œä¸åŒç¾¤ä½“对HCV感染的风险也å˜åœ¨å·®å¼‚ã€‚å¦‚æžœæ— æ³•æŒ‰ç…§è¡¨6实行ç›æŸ¥ï¼ˆä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œæ‚£è€…æ— æ³•æ˜Žç¡®æ˜¯å¦ä½¿ç”¨è¿‡é‡å¤ä½¿ç”¨çš„注射器),也å¯åŸºäºŽåˆè¯Šæ—¶æ˜¯å¦æœ‰è½¬æ°¨é…¶çš„å‡é«˜ã€‚美国疾病控制ä¸å¿ƒæŽ¨è对所有在婴儿潮时期出生的人进行ç›æŸ¥ã€‚åœ¨æ¬§æ´²ï¼Œæ— æ¤å»ºè®®ã€‚
治疗HCVæ„ŸæŸ“çš„ç›®æ ‡æ˜¯å‡å°‘病毒相关的并å‘症,这å–决于病毒的清除并ä¿æŒæŒç»çš„病毒å¦åº”ç”(sustained viral response, SVR)。获得SVR的患者实现了病毒的清除,病毒å†æ¿€æ´»çš„å¯èƒ½æ€§å¾ˆå°ã€‚已有è¯æ®è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œæ‚£è€…获得SVRåŽï¼Œå¯æ”¹å–„è‚è„çš„åæ»æ€§ç‚Žç—‡å’Œçº¤ç»´åŒ–,é™ä½Žè‚癌å‘生的风险。
急性HCV感染者未ç»æ²»ç–—è€Œå®žçŽ°ç—…æ¯’æ¸…é™¤çš„ï¼Œæ— éœ€æŠ—ç—…æ¯’æ²»ç–—ã€‚æ ¹æ®èµ„料报é“,15%至50%的患者å¯è‡ªæ„ˆã€‚
HCV的治疗和治愈被è¯å®žæ˜¯å‡å°‘长期并å‘症的有效举措,也是慢性HCV感染管ç†çš„主è¦æ–¹æ³•ã€‚.
éžåŸºå› 1åž‹çš„HCV在人å£å¯†é›†çš„国家如å—亚,东亚,éžæ´²å’Œä¸ä¸œç‰å›½å®¶æœ€ä¸ºå¸¸è§ã€‚在PEG-IFN(pegylated interferon)出现之å‰ï¼Œåœ¨ä¸–ç•Œçš„å¤§éƒ¨åˆ†åœ°åŒºé‡‡ç”¨å¸¸è§„å¹²æ‰°ç´ å•è¯æˆ–者è”åˆåˆ©å·´éŸ¦æž—(interferon/ribavirin, IFN/RBV)方案,这是治疗HCV的主è¦æ‰‹æ®µã€‚2002年以åŽå‡ºçŽ°äº†PEG-IFN è”åˆåˆ©å·´éŸ¦æž—(PEG-IFN/RBV)的治疗方案。在一些é‡è¦çš„临床试验ä¸ï¼ŒPEG-IFN/RBVæ–¹æ¡ˆæ²»ç–—åŸºå› 1型患者å¯èŽ·å¾—了40–45%çš„SVRï¼ŒåŸºå› 2型患者å¯é«˜è¾¾80%çš„SVRï¼Œè€ŒåŸºå› 3a型患者仅有50%çš„SVR。所有的这些治疗,都约有50-60%的慢性HCVæ‚£è€…è¡¨çŽ°ä¸ºæ— å应或å¤å‘[35]。æ¤å¤–,这些疗法需è¦æ³¨å°„å¹²æ‰°ç´ å’Œåˆ©å·´éŸ¦æž—24-48周,具有明显的毒副作用;有很多的患者由于副作用而ä¸é€‚åˆIFN治疗或ä¸æ„¿æ„接å—æ²»ç–—ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œéœ€è¦ä¸€ç§ç†æƒ³çš„治疗方案:全å£æœè¯ç‰©ï¼Œæ¯æ—¥ä¸€æ¬¡å‰‚é‡ï¼Œç–—程çŸï¼Œå‰¯ä½œç”¨æœ€å°ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”æ˜¯æ³›åŸºå› åž‹ï¼Œå…·æœ‰é«˜SVR值(> 95ï¼…ï¼‰ï¼Œæ— è®ºå¤„äºŽè‚纤维化的哪个阶段,之å‰å¯¹IFN/RBV治疗是å¦ä¸ºæ— å应,性别,ç§æ—和年龄[39]。
2011年之åŽï¼Œç›´æŽ¥ä½œç”¨æŠ—病毒è¯ç‰©ï¼ˆdirect-acting antivirals, DAA)的时代到æ¥äº†ï¼Œè¿™æ˜¯ç›®å‰çš„æ ‡å‡†æ²»ç–—æ–¹æ¡ˆã€‚
æ•°æ®æ¥æºï¼šthe U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationAntiviral Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting, April 27–28, 2011, Silver Spring, MD。
IFN, interferonï¼ˆå¹²æ‰°ç´ ï¼‰ï¼›RBV, ribavirin(利巴韦林);PEG-IFN, pegylated interferon(èšä¹™äºŒé†‡å¹²æ‰°ç´ );PI, protease inhibitor(s)(蛋白酶抑制剂); DAA, direct-acting antiviral(s)(直接作用抗病毒è¯ç‰©ï¼‰ã€‚
Sofosbuvir(SOF)在å‘展ä¸å›½å®¶å¾ˆå®¹æ˜“获得,剂é‡ä¸º400 mg/天。PEG-IFNα-2a的剂é‡åº”为180μg/周;而PEG-IFNα-2b为1.5μg/kg/周。利巴韦林的剂é‡å–决于患者的体é‡ï¼ˆä¾‹å¦‚:1000 mg < 75kg,1200mg > 75kg)。
æ–°çš„DAA最åˆåªèƒ½ä»¥éžå¸¸é«˜çš„ä»·æ ¼æ‰èƒ½èŽ·å¾—。ç»è¿‡åŠªåŠ›åœ°ä¸ºä½Žæ”¶å…¥å›½å®¶çš„ä»·æ ¼è°ˆåˆ¤ï¼Œå¯¼è‡´äº†ä¸–ç•Œå„地ä¸åŒåœ°åŒºçš„ä»·æ ¼å·®å¼‚ã€‚ä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œåœ¨ç¾Žå›½ä¸€ç›’SOFçš„ä»·æ ¼ä¸º28,000美元,3个月的粗略æˆæœ¬çº¦ä¸º84,000美元;而巴基斯å¦å’Œå°åº¦çš„ä»·æ ¼ä»…ä¸º300美元(6个月的完整疗程仅花费1800美元)。
Sofosbuviråˆ¶é€ å•†Gilead Sciences有é™å…¬å¸å·²ç»ä¸Žå¤šå®¶åˆ¶é€ 商ç¾ç½²äº†è‡ªæ„¿è®¸å¯å议,å…许在一些低收入和ä¸ç‰æ”¶å…¥å›½å®¶é”€å”®å½“地仿制å“,使得在那些特定的国家里,Sofosbuvirçš„ä»·æ ¼æœ‰äº†è¿›ä¸€æ¥ä¸‹é™ã€‚但是,这些自愿许å¯å议并ä¸é€‚用于ä¸å›½ï¼Œå·´è¥¿ï¼Œé˜¿æ ¹å»·ï¼Œä¼Šæœ—和土耳其ç‰ï¼Œä»¥åŠåŒæ ·ä¹Ÿæœ‰ç€å¾ˆå¤§ç–¾ç—…è´Ÿæ‹…çš„å‡ ä¸ªä¸ç‰æ”¶å…¥å›½å®¶ã€‚DAA的仿制è¯æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªç›¸å½“便宜和有效的替代å“。在一项包å«448åæ‚£è€…çš„ç ”ç©¶ä¸ï¼ŒFreemanç‰æŠ¥é“使用仿制DAAçš„SVR大约为94ï¼…[43].
指å—ä¸è®¨è®ºçš„治疗方案应ä¾æ®åˆç†çš„医疗ä¿å¥å’Œè´¢æ”¿èµ„æºè¿›è¡Œé€‰æ‹©ã€‚所有选择都是基于地方专家和å¦ä¼šçš„治疗ç»éªŒï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”很少与循è¯åŒ»å¦æœ‰åˆ†æ§ã€‚这表明我们æ£åŠªåŠ›ä½¿ä¸™åž‹è‚炎的治疗æˆä¸ºå…¨çƒé€‚用的和实际å¯è¡Œçš„;通过ä¸æ–æ›´æ–°å„级临床医生的知识,使全çƒçš„HCV患者获得最大利益。
最åŽï¼Œè¿™äº›æŒ‡å—并éžæ˜¯å›ºå®šçš„规则,而是一个动æ€çš„ã€ä¸æ–å˜åŒ–的过程,指导临床医生对病人进行相应的治疗,并且éµå¾ªä¸ªä½“化的治疗模å¼ã€‚å½“æœ‰æ–°çš„ç ”ç©¶æˆ–è¯æ®å‡ºçŽ°æ—¶ï¼ŒæŒ‡å—也应作相应的改进和更新。
HCV感染å¯é€šè¿‡æŠ—ç—…æ¯’æ²»ç–—å¾—åˆ°æ²»æ„ˆã€‚ç„¶è€Œï¼Œç”±äºŽè¯¥ç–¾ç—…å¸¸è¡¨çŽ°ä¸ºæ— ç—‡çŠ¶ï¼Œè®¸å¤šæ‚£è€…æ²¡æœ‰æ„识到自己被感染;在一些情况下,被诊æ–出æ¥å¹¶èƒ½å¤ŸæŽ¥å—治疗的人ä¾ç„¶è¾ƒå°‘[5]。
一份由世界å«ç”Ÿç»„织å‘表的“å®£ä¼ ç®€æŠ¥”æ出了到2030年消除乙è‚和丙è‚çš„ç›®æ ‡[44]ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œé™¤äº†å› 严é‡åˆå¹¶ç—‡è€Œå¯¼è‡´é¢„期寿命缩çŸçš„患者外,所有慢性HCV感染的患者都应接å—治疗,尤其是那些è‚è„相关并å‘症风险较高的患者,应立å³æŽ¥å—治疗。
è‚è„相关并å‘症风险高的患者包括如下:
严é‡çš„è‚外并å‘症,如血管炎,导致终末器官æŸä¼¤çš„冷çƒè›‹ç™½è¡€ç—‡ï¼Œæˆ–导致明显蛋白尿的肾å°çƒè‚¾ç‚Ž/肾病综åˆå¾
虽然推èçš„HCV首选治疗方案在ä¸æ–地更新,但有时ä»å–决于影å“SVRçš„å‡ ä¸ªå› ç´ ï¼š
以下是DAAè”åˆæ²»ç–—å应ä¸ä½³çš„é¢„æµ‹å› ç´ ï¼š
在开始DAA治疗å‰éœ€å®Œæˆä»¥ä¸‹çš„评估:
详细的病å²å’Œä½“æ ¼æ£€æŸ¥ï¼ŒåŒ…æ‹¬ä»»ä½•å…¶ä»–å¯èƒ½å¯¹è‚è„é€ æˆä¸è‰¯å½±å“çš„è‚è„疾病和医疗状况,如乙è‚,酗酒,自身å…疫性è‚病,代谢性è‚病或è‚è„毒性è¯ç‰©ã€‚以上这些都需è¦è¢«è°ƒæŸ¥ï¼Œå¹¶é‡‡å–适当措施é™ä½Žé£Žé™©ã€‚
5.5.1 治疗å‰ç›‘测推è
1. 治疗开始å‰çš„12周内检查血常规(CBC),è‚功能(LFT),血清白蛋白,INR,肾å°çƒæ»¤è¿‡çŽ‡ï¼ˆGFRï¼‰ï¼Œä¿ƒç”²çŠ¶è…ºæ¿€ç´ ï¼ˆTSH)(如果计划使用IFN);
2. 治疗å‰çš„ä»»æ„时间行定é‡PCRå’ŒåŸºå› åž‹åˆ†åž‹ï¼›
3. 育龄期妇女在治疗开始之å‰éœ€è¡Œå°¿å¦Šå¨ 试验。目å‰ï¼Œå¯¹æ‰€æœ‰æ–°åž‹çš„å£æœæ²»ç–—方案,包括或ä¸åŒ…æ‹¬åˆ©å·´éŸ¦æž—ï¼Œå› ä¸ºç¼ºå°‘è¶³å¤Ÿçš„å®‰å…¨ä¿¡æ¯ï¼Œå¯¹è‚²é¾„期或哺乳期的患者都是ç¦å¿Œçš„ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œå¸¸è§„推è育龄期患者采å–充分的é¿å•æŽªæ–½[48]。
4. 对包å«åˆ©å·´éŸ¦æž—的治疗方案,需考虑患者的年龄åŠç»§å‘性贫血引起的心血管疾病。
5.6 治疗ä¸çš„评估
接å—HCV治疗过程ä¸çš„推è:
1.通过门诊éšè®¿æˆ–电è¯é¼“励患者的ä¾ä»Žæ€§ã€‚需询问任何的è¯ç‰©ä¸è‰¯å应,对有关è¯ç‰©é—´çš„互相作用给出建议。利物浦大å¦æ供了è‚è„è¯ç‰©äº’相作用查询的网站(http://www.hep-druginteractions.org)[49]。
2.血常规,血清肌é…,GFR,è‚功能需在治疗åŽçš„4周检测。对于接å—利巴韦林治疗的患者,血常规å¯ä»¥æ›´é¢‘ç¹åœ°ç›‘测。
3. 对接å—å¹²æ‰°ç´ æ²»ç–—çš„æ‚£è€…ï¼Œåœ¨ç¬¬12å‘¨æ£€æµ‹ä¿ƒç”²çŠ¶è…ºæ¿€ç´ ã€‚
4. 定é‡PCR需在治疗结æŸæ—¶åŠéšåŽçš„第12周评估。
5.6.1 ä½•æ—¶éœ€è€ƒè™‘å› è¯ç‰©å‰¯ä½œç”¨è€Œåœè¯
5.7 治疗åŽè¯„ä¼°
5.7.1 å¯¹æ²»ç–—æ— åº”ç”的患者
1. æ¯6-12月检测è‚功能,血常规,INR评估疾病进展(F4患者)。
2.对进展期è‚纤维化的患者(F3/F4)æ¯6个月行超声检查监测HCC。
3. 对è‚硬化é™è„‰æ›²å¼ 的患者行内镜监测é™è„‰æ›²å¼ 情况。
4. 一旦有其他有效的治疗选择,需行å†æ²»ç–—评估。治疗å‰éœ€è¡Œçªå˜æ£€æµ‹ä»¥é€‰æ‹©æœ€ä½³çš„治疗方案。目å‰ï¼ŒæŒ‡å—推è对DAA治疗失败的患者行NS5Aè€è¯æ€§è¯„ä¼°ï¼Œå°¤å…¶å¯¹åŸºå› åž‹1a的患者考虑elbasvir/grazoprevir治疗å‰
5.7.2 对获得æŒç»ç—…毒å¦åº”ç”(SVR)的患者
1. 对于纤维化F0-F2的患者,推è如从未感染过HCVçš„éšè®¿ï¼›
2. 对于纤维化 F3-F4 的患者,推è1年两次超声检查监测HCCï¼›
3. 对于è‚硬化的患者需行基线的内镜检查,如果å‘现有é™è„‰æ›²å¼ åˆ™æŒ‰æ ‡å‡†è·¯å¾„æ²»ç–—å’Œéšè®¿ã€‚
4. 如果在SVR的情况下è‚功能ä»ç„¶æŒç»å¼‚常,需评估è‚è„ç–¾ç—…çš„å…¶ä»–ç—…å› ã€‚
5.8 自2014å¹´CHCæ— å¹²æ‰°ç´ å…¨å£æœè¯ç‰©æ²»ç–—方案
5.9 特殊人群的治疗
5.9.1 急性丙型è‚炎的治疗
æ— ç—‡çŠ¶çš„æ‚£è€…è¾ƒéš¾è¯Šæ–,尤其当病毒感染的确切时间ä¸æ˜Žç¡®çš„时候。有两件事情必须在急性丙è‚患者ä¸æ˜Žç¡®: 首先,何时开始治疗;其次,治疗的方案åŠæ²»ç–—的疗程。
在一项包å«16ä¸ªç ”ç©¶çš„èŸèƒåˆ†æžä¸ï¼Œæ€¥æ€§è‚炎的患者接å—早期治疗的å°ç»„比自å‘清除的å°ç»„预åŽè¾ƒå¥½ã€‚在å¦ä¸€ä¸ªç ”究ä¸ï¼Œæ—©æœŸä½¿ç”¨é«˜å‰‚é‡çš„å¹²æ‰°ç´ æ²»ç–—èŽ·å¾—äº†85-100%çš„SVRã€‚æ™®é€šå¹²æ‰°ç´ çš„å¸¸è§„å‰‚é‡æ˜¯5-10百万å•ä½/天,治疗12周。å¦å¤–一个选择是PEGå¹²æ‰°ç´ 1.2-1.3mg/kgæ¯å‘¨ä¸€æ¬¡ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯ä»·æ ¼æ›´é«˜[60–65]。
Deterdingç‰çš„ç ”ç©¶è¡¨æ˜Žå»¶è¿Ÿæ²»ç–—å’Œå³åˆ»æ²»ç–—çš„æ•ˆæžœä¸€æ ·ã€‚å¦å¤–,延迟治疗å¯ä»¥å‡å°‘对于部分å¯ä»¥è‡ªå‘清除病毒的患者ä¸å¿…è¦çš„治疗,但是需è¦å¯†åˆ‡çš„监测[66]。
由于新型的DAA有较好的有效性和安全性,对于早期治疗的争论有所å‡å°‘。以下是新的推è:
• 推è规律监测HCV RNA至少6月,以评估病毒的自å‘清除。
• 对于急性HCV感染的患者,需确ä¿å…¶é¿å…è‚毒性的è¯ç‰©ï¼ˆå¦‚对乙酰氨基酚)和酒精;且需采å–措施å‡å°‘ä¼ æ’疾病给其他人的风险。
• åªæœ‰åœ¨ç‰¹æ®Šçš„情形下æ‰è€ƒè™‘æ—©æœŸæ²»ç–—ï¼šå¦‚æ‚£è€…çš„ä¼ æ’风险很高,(如é™è„‰è¯ç˜¾è€…,或外科医生),患者已ç»æœ‰å…¶ä»–进展期的è‚è„疾病,以åŠé‚£äº›å¤±è®¿çš„概率很高的患者。å³ä½¿æ˜¯è¿™äº›æ‚£è€…,应至少ç‰å¾…12-16周æ‰è€ƒè™‘开始治疗。
• 如果有治疗指å¾ï¼Œæ€¥æ€§HCV感染å¯ä»¥å¦‚慢性HCVæ„ŸæŸ“ä¸€æ ·ä½¿ç”¨DAA治疗。
• ä¸æŽ¨èå¯¹é’ˆåˆºä¼¤çš„æ‚£è€…è¿›è¡Œé¢„é˜²æ€§çš„æ²»ç–—ï¼Œå› ä¸ºæ„ŸæŸ“çŽ‡æ˜¯å¾ˆä½Žçš„ã€‚
5.9.2 儿童丙型è‚炎的治疗
对于儿童丙型è‚炎的治疗有ä¸åŒçš„看法。由于慢性丙è‚的自然病程进展缓慢,
治疗å¯ä»¥æŽ¨è¿Ÿåˆ°é’春期。然而,é’少年和年轻æˆäººå¯¹æ²»ç–—çš„ä¾ä»Žæ€§ä¹Ÿæ˜¯æ¯”较低的。
AASLDä»ç„¶æŽ¨è在儿童人群ä¸åº”ç”¨å¹²æ‰°ç´ è”åˆåˆ©å·´éŸ¦æž—的治疗方案,PEG-IFNæ¯”å¸¸è§„å¹²æ‰°ç´ æ›´ä¼˜å…ˆ[67]。PEG-IFN alfa-2b的剂é‡ä¸º60 µg/m2/周,PEG-IFN alfa-2a的剂é‡ä¸º180µg/1.73m2/周è”åˆåˆ©å·´éŸ¦æž—15mg/kg/天。è”åˆæ²»ç–—çš„ç–—ç¨‹å¯¹åŸºå› 1,4型的患者是48å‘¨ï¼Œå¯¹åŸºå› 2,3型是24周。
在儿童ä¸ï¼ŒIFN/RBV治疗方案的应ç”çŽ‡å¯¹åŸºå› 1åž‹ï¼ŒåŸºå› 2,3åž‹å’ŒåŸºå› 4åž‹çš„SVR分别为36-57%,84-100%,50-80%。副作用包括æµæ„Ÿæ ·ç—‡çŠ¶ï¼Œç™½ç»†èƒžå‡å°‘,头痛,腹痛,食欲å‡é€€ï¼Œè…¹æ³»ï¼Œå’Œç²¾ç¥žç—‡çŠ¶[68–72]。
由于è¯ç‰©å‰¯ä½œç”¨å’Œè¾ƒä½Žçš„SVRï¼Œå°¤å…¶å¯¹äºŽåŸºå› 1型的儿童,DAA的使用是值得商榷的。由Gilead Sciences赞助的两个临床试验已进入第2期,分别评估ledipasvir å’Œ sofosbuvirå¯¹äºŽæ²»ç–—åŸºå› 1åž‹åŠsofosbuvir è”åˆ RBVå¯¹äºŽæ²»ç–—åŸºå› 2,3型的有效性和安全性。Sofosbuvirå’Œ ledipasvir/sofosbuvirçš„è¯ä»£åŠ¨åŠ›å¦å’Œå®‰å…¨æ€§åœ¨12-17å²çš„儿童人群ä¸å·²è¢«è¯„估并且结果已ç»è¢«æŠ¥é“[73]。然而,这些DAA的获批还需è¦æ›´æ·±å…¥çš„ä¸´åºŠç ”ç©¶ã€‚
备注:
• 其他特殊的CHC人群:如åˆå¹¶è‚¾åŠŸèƒ½è¡°ç«ï¼Œåˆå¹¶HCV/HIV å’Œ HBV感染,器官移æ¤çš„患者ç‰ï¼Œå¯ä»¥åœ¨å…¶ä»–国际指å—ä¸æ‰¾åˆ°ç›¸åº”的推è(表1);
• éšç€DAA的快速å‘展,丙型è‚炎的治疗方案也在快速å˜åŒ–,读者å¯ä»¥æŸ¥é˜…AASLD, EASL, å’Œ APASL 指å—上新的治疗æµç¨‹ã€‚
5.10 仿制和专利的DAA都是有效的å—?
éšç€æ–°è¯å’Œæ–°çš„DAA的获批,产生了对这些è¯ç‰©æ²»ç–—HCV有效,安全åŠå»‰ä»·çš„期望。尽管在全世界范围内,仿制å“çš„ä»·æ ¼å·®åˆ«å¾ˆå¤§ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯Hillç‰åœ¨2013年指出,DAAåŽŸå§‹åˆ¶é€ çš„æˆæœ¬æ˜¯å¾ˆä½Žçš„-比如,12周sofosbuvir的治疗大概需è¦101美元,daclatasvir治疗12周需è¦20美元[74]。
仿制å“åˆ¶é€ å•†ä¹‹é—´çš„ç›¸äº’ç«žäº‰ä¼šå¯¼è‡´DAAä»·æ ¼çš„è¿›ä¸€æ¥é™ä½Žã€‚低收入国家比如巴基斯å¦å’Œå°åº¦å¯ä»¥èŽ·å¾—ä»·æ ¼ä½Žã€æœ‰æ´»æ€§çš„è¯ç‰©åŽŸæ–™ï¼Œä½†äº§å“çš„è´¨é‡å˜ç–‘ã€‚å¯¹äºŽæœ‰ä¸¥æ ¼è´¨é‡ä¿è¯çš„国家如埃åŠï¼Œä»¿åˆ¶è¯çš„æ•°æ®æ˜¯å¾ˆæœ‰å‰æ™¯çš„。WHOå·²é€šè¿‡èµ„æ ¼é¢„å®¡çš„ç¨‹åºæ¥ä¿éšœè¯ç‰©è´¨é‡[75]。
æ¥è‡ªå·´åŸºæ–¯å¦æŸä¸å¿ƒçš„åˆæ¥æ•°æ®ï¼Œä½Žä»·ä»¿åˆ¶çš„sofosbuvirï¼Œåœ¨åŸºå› 3型的患者ä¸å¿«é€Ÿç—…毒应ç”率为86.8%。在AASLD会议上的两篇和仿制å“相关的è¯ç‰©æ²»ç–—的摘è¦ï¼Œæ•°æ®åˆ†åˆ«æ¥è‡ªä¿„罗斯和å¡å¡”尔,显示的SVR分别接近92%å’Œ95%[76,77]。
5.11 éšç€DAA的出现,ä»ç„¶éœ€è¦å¹²æ‰°ç´ å—?局部的观点
åœ¨è¿‡åŽ»ï¼Œå¹²æ‰°ç´ æ¯«æ— ç–‘é—®æ˜¯æ²»ç–—HCV的主æµï¼Œä½†å…¶è®¸å¤šåŠ£åŠ¿åŠæ›´åŠ 安全和有效的è¯ç‰©DAA的出现é™åˆ¶äº†å¹²æ‰°ç´ 的使用,在ä¸ä¹…çš„å°†æ¥å¹²æ‰°ç´ 治疗HCV有å¯èƒ½è¢«æ·˜æ±°ã€‚尽管没有医å¦ä¸Šçš„ç†ç”±ä¸ä½¿ç”¨DAA治疗HCV,但是在许多低收入国家,尤其在亚太地区,DAAçš„æ™®åŠçŽ‡æ˜¯å¾ˆä½Žçš„。目å‰ï¼Œä½¿ç”¨å¹²æ‰°ç´ 为基础的治疗方法的唯一指å¾æ˜¯æ— 法获得DAA。å¦ä¸€ä¸ªæ”¯æŒå¹²æ‰°ç´ 的观点是在亚洲人群ä¸ç›¸å¯¹è¾ƒå¥½çš„应ç”率,部分是由于IL28Bç‰ä½åŸºå› ã€‚ç„¶è€Œï¼ŒåŸºäºŽå¹²æ‰°ç´ çš„æ–¹æ¡ˆä¸å¯èƒ½èŽ·å¾—å…¨çƒç—…毒清除。获得DAA是首先需è¦è§£å†³çš„事情。Gilead Scienceså…¬å¸åœ¨è¿™æ–¹é¢æ‰€åšçš„努力是值得称é“的,为90多个世界上GDP最低的国家æä¾›è¯ç‰©ã€‚
5.12 一个被低估的问题—DAAè€è¯
HCV 有很高的å¤åˆ¶çŽ‡ï¼Œå¯¼è‡´äº†å…¶RNAä¾èµ–çš„RNAèšåˆé…¶çš„æ ¡å¯¹èƒ½åŠ›è¾ƒä½Ž[78,79]。这导致了甚至在åŒä¸€åŸºå› åž‹ä¸é«˜æ°´å¹³çš„åŸºå› å˜å¼‚[80]ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œä»»ä½•æ„ŸæŸ“了HCV的患者都混åˆäº†ä¸€ç¾¤é—ä¼ å¦ä¸Šç›¸ä¼¼çš„HCV,其ä¸åŒ…括了è¯ç‰©æ•æ„Ÿçš„野生型为主的ç§ç±»å’Œè¾ƒå°‘çš„è€è¯çš„ç§ç±»ã€‚这些è€è¯æ ªå…·æœ‰ä½¿DAAæ›´åŠ è€è¯æˆ–ä½¿ç—…æ¯’æ›´åŠ é€‚å®œç”Ÿå˜çš„氨基酸çªå˜[81]。
éšç€DAA的治疗,æ•æ„Ÿç§ç±»çš„æ•°é‡å¿«é€Ÿä¸‹é™ï¼Œä½¿å¾—HCV RNA定é‡åˆ†æžç»“果阴性。如果DAA治疗的疗程够长,æ•æ„Ÿç§ç±»åœ¨æ²»ç–—终点被清除,留下少é‡æ£€æµ‹é™ä»¥ä¸‹çš„è€è¯ç§ç±»ï¼Œå› æ¤HCV RNA的定é‡æ£€æµ‹ä»ç„¶æ˜¯é˜´æ€§çš„。治疗åœæ¢åŽï¼Œç«žäº‰çŽ¯å¢ƒçš„改å˜ï¼ˆæ•æ„Ÿç§ç±»çš„清除)导致è€è¯ç§ç±»çš„涌现,导致DAA治疗失败或å¤å‘。
对ä¸åŒçš„DAA已产生ä¸åŒçš„è€è¯ç—…毒ç§ç±»ï¼Œè¿™äº›ç—…毒的æµè¡ŒçŽ‡ä¹Ÿä¸ä¸€æ ·ã€‚例如,常è§çš„对sofosbuvirè€è¯çš„å˜å¼‚是L159F, V321A, å’Œ S282R。目å‰æ²¡æœ‰å‰ä¸¤è€…å˜å¼‚çš„æ•°æ®ï¼Œç¬¬ä¸‰ç§çš„è€è¯çŽ‡è¾ƒä½Žï¼Œå¤§çº¦ä¸ºä¸º0.4%。Daclatasvir有高è€è¯çš„å˜å¼‚,M28,为 0.5-4%[82]。Ledipasvir有两个高è€è¯å˜å¼‚,其ä¸ä¹‹ä¸€å¯¹åŸºå› 2å’Œ4åž‹çš„è€è¯çŽ‡æŽ¥è¿‘100%。
总体æ¥è¯´ï¼Œå¯¹NS34A 蛋白酶抑制剂比如boceprevirçš„è€è¯æ€§åœ¨å¤–周血ä¸åœ¨æ•°å‘¨è‡³æ•°æœˆä¹‹é—´æ¶ˆå¤±ï¼Œè€Œå¯¹NS5A 抑制剂—如 daclatasvir, ledipasvirå’Œ ombitasvirçš„è€è¯æ€§å¯ä»¥æŒç»æ•°å¹´[81]。NS5Bæ ¸è‹·èšåˆé…¶æŠ‘制剂sofosbuvir具有最高的è€è¯å±éšœ[82]。
DAAçš„è€è¯æ€§æ˜¯ç›®å‰çªå‡ºçš„问题,需è¦è¿›ä¸€æ¥è¯„估。关于治疗å‰è€è¯æ€§çš„ç ”ç©¶æœ‰å¯èƒ½è¢«çº³å…¥è¿‘期的推èä¸ã€‚ç›®å‰ï¼ŒAASLD 2016更新的指å—推è对DAA治疗失败的患者进行NS5Aè€è¯æ€§è¯„估,尤其在考虑用elbasvir/grazopreviræ²»ç–—åŸºå› 1a型的患者å‰[3]ã€‚é™¤äº†åŸºå› 1a型, NS5Aè€è¯åœ¨åŸºå› 3åž‹ä¸ä¹Ÿå¾ˆå¸¸è§ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”在巴基斯å¦æ›´åŠ æµè¡Œã€‚巴基斯å¦çš„DAAè€è¯æƒ…况需è¦æ›´è¿›ä¸€æ¥çš„ç ”ç©¶ï¼Œå°¤å…¶å¯¹é‚£äº›è¿›å±•æœŸè‚纤维化的患者,å¯èƒ½éœ€è¦sofosbuvir/velpatasvir强化治疗[57,58]。DAAè€è¯ä½¿æ‚£è€…ä¸èƒ½èŽ·å¾—SVR,DAA治疗失败的患者需è¦æ ¹æ®æŒ‡å—相应部分的推è进行管ç†ã€‚
5.13 éžä¸“科医师治疗HCV
éšç€å£æœDAAçš„å‡ºçŽ°ï¼Œå°¤å…¶æ˜¯å…¨åŸºå› ã€æ¯æ—¥ä¸€æ¬¡çš„治疗方案,对HCV的治疗显得很简å•ã€‚HCV在一些资æºå—é™çš„国家æµè¡ŒçŽ‡å¾ˆé«˜ï¼Œè€Œè¢«è®¤è¯çš„è‚è„ç—…å¦å®¶å’Œèƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦å®¶æ¯”è¾ƒç¨€å°‘ï¼Œå› æ¤éœ€è¦ä¸€å®šçš„çµæ´»æ€§ã€‚Kattakuzhyç‰å¼€å§‹çš„ASCEND临床试验,为了确定éžä¸“业从业者进行HCV相关的DAA治疗的安全性,结果表明是åŒæ ·å®‰å…¨å’Œæœ‰æ•ˆçš„[83]。尽管这个结果鼓舞人心,但是考虑到当地的状况,必须进行æŸäº›æ”¹å˜ï¼Œå¦‚ä¿è¯å¯¹å…¨ç§‘医生æ£ç¡®çš„培è®ï¼Œé¼“励他们éµå¾ªæŒ‡å—,åŠæ—¶è½¬è¯Šå…·æœ‰å¹¶å‘症和特殊的人群。å¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡ç”µå诊所实现这个过程—类似ECHO项目的一个模型[84]。
5.14 总结
DAAs的优势:
DAA 的缺点:
在本部分ä¸ï¼Œä¾æ®åŸºå› åž‹ã€æ˜¯å¦åˆæ²»ã€æ²»ç–—失败ã€æ²»ç–—应ç”å’Œè‚硬化,å‚ç…§å›½é™…æ ‡å‡†å°†ç¬¦åˆæ²»ç–—指å¾çš„慢性丙型è‚炎患者分为å…ç±»ã€‚ä»¥ä¸ŠæŒ‡æ ‡å‡æœ‰å¾ªè¯åŒ»å¦è¯æ®ï¼Œæ˜¯AASLD,EASL,APASL以åŠå…¶ä»–地区性组织治疗指å—的一部分。
医务人员å¯ä½œå‡ºä¸€äº›é€‰æ‹©ï¼Œä»¥æœŸè¾¾åˆ°æœ€å¥½çš„治疗效果。医生å¯æ ¹æ®æ‚£è€…çš„è‚è„状æ€ï¼Œè¯ç‰©æ˜¯å¦å¯å¾—以åŠæ‚£è€…能å¦æ‰¿æ‹…进行选择。
虽然指å—å·²ç»ä¸å†æŽ¨èä»¥å¹²æ‰°ç´ ä¸ºåŸºç¡€çš„æ²»ç–—æ–¹æ¡ˆï¼Œä½†åœ¨ä¸€äº›åœ°æ–¹ï¼ˆåŒ…æ‹¬å‘达国家和å‘展ä¸å›½å®¶ï¼‰ï¼ŒèŽ·å¾—DAAsè¯ç‰©ä¾ç„¶ç›¸å½“困难。甚至在一些国家ä¸ï¼Œå”¯ä¸€çš„丙型è‚炎治疗方案ä»ç„¶åŒ…å«å¹²æ‰°ç´ 。虽然在下é¢çš„分级æµç¨‹ä¸å·²ä¸å†æ¶‰åŠä»¥å¹²æ‰°ç´ 为基础的治疗方案,但我们ä»ç„¶æŽ¨èåœ¨æ— æ³•èŽ·å¾—å£æœè¯ç‰©çš„åœ°åŒºä½¿ç”¨è¿™æ ·çš„æ–¹æ¡ˆã€‚ä¾æ®ä¹‹å‰çš„指å—和分级æµç¨‹ï¼ŒPEG-IFNα2a 的治疗剂é‡ä¸ºæ¯å‘¨ 180μg,而 PEG-IFNα2b 的剂é‡æ˜¯æŒ‰ä½“é‡ç»™è¯ï¼Œä¸ºæ¯å‘¨1.5μg/kg。
ä»¥ä¸‹ä¸ºåŸºå› 1 åž‹CHC患者ä¾æ®æ—¢å¾€æ²»ç–—å应和è‚è„状æ€å¯é€‰æ‹©çš„治疗方案。
ä»¥ä¸‹ä¸ºåŸºå› 2åž‹CHC患者ä¾æ®æ—¢å¾€æ²»ç–—å应和è‚è„状æ€å¯é€‰æ‹©çš„治疗方案。
ä»¥ä¸‹ä¸ºåŸºå› 3åž‹CHC患者ä¾æ®æ—¢å¾€æ²»ç–—å应和è‚è„状æ€å¯é€‰æ‹©çš„治疗方案。
ä»¥ä¸‹ä¸ºåŸºå› 4 åž‹CHC患者ä¾æ®æ—¢å¾€æ²»ç–—å应和è‚è„状æ€å¯é€‰æ‹©çš„治疗方案。
ä»¥ä¸‹ä¸ºåŸºå› 5/6åž‹CHC患者ä¾æ®æ—¢å¾€æ²»ç–—å应和è‚è„状æ€å¯é€‰æ‹©çš„治疗方案。
以下方案适用于已接å—SOF/RBVæ–¹æ¡ˆï¼ˆæ— è®ºæ˜¯å¦ä½¿ç”¨PEG-IFN),但åªæœ‰éƒ¨åˆ†åº”ç”æˆ–è€…æ— åº”ç”的患者。部分应ç”的定义为:治疗6周åŽï¼Œä¸ŽåŸºçº¿ç›¸æ¯”,患者病毒载é‡ä¸‹é™< 1 log10 IU/ml。
感染多ç§åŸºå› åž‹æˆ–åŸºå› æ— æ³•åˆ†åž‹çš„ä¸™è‚患者,DAAsè¯ç‰©çš„使用数æ®æžä¸ºç¼ºä¹ã€‚é¢å¯¹è¿™æ ·çš„患者,最佳的选择是ç‰å¾…å…¨åŸºå› åž‹è¯ç‰©çš„出现。如果治疗ä¸èƒ½å»¶è¿Ÿï¼Œåº”选择目å‰æ‰€æœ‰ä¸™è‚åŸºå› åž‹ç–—æ•ˆæœ€å¤§åŒ–çš„DAAsè”åˆæ–¹æ¡ˆä»¥åŠç›¸åº”ç–—ç¨‹ï¼Œå½“ç„¶åŸºå› 1型的方案更适用于未分型丙è‚的治疗。
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