ä¸–ç•Œèƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦ç»„织全çƒæŒ‡å—
2018.02
WGO 审查å°ç»„
Michael Farthing (英国)
Marco Albonico (æ„大利 )
Zeno Bisoffi (æ„大利)
Donald A.P. Bundy (英国)
Dora Buonfrate (æ„大利)
Peter Chiodini (英国)
Peter Katelaris (澳大利亚)
Paul Kelly (赞比亚)
Lorenzo Savioli (瑞士)
Anton Le Mair (è·å…°)
(点击展开区段)
WGO分级管ç†: 分级管ç†æ˜¯é€šè¿‡çŽ°æœ‰çš„资æºå¯¹åŒæ ·çš„疾病进行分级诊æ–和治疗。
ä¸–ç•Œèƒƒè‚ ç—…ç»„ç»‡ï¼ˆWGO)指å—和分级管ç†æ—¨åœ¨å¼ºè°ƒé’ˆå¯¹å„地区的åˆé€‚的,环境æ•æ„Ÿçš„,资æºæ•æ„Ÿçš„管ç†æ–¹æ¡ˆï¼Œè€Œä¸ç®¡è¿™äº›åœ°åŒºæ˜¯å‘展ä¸ã€åŠå‘达或者å‘达。WGO 分级管ç†æ˜¯çŽ¯å¢ƒæ•æ„Ÿçš„,而环境ä¸ä»…仅由资æºå¯ç”¨æ€§æ¥å®šä¹‰ã€‚
分级管ç†å¯¹äºŽè¯Šæ–和治疗类圆线虫病éžå¸¸å…³é”®ï¼Œæ˜¯è¯¥æŒ‡å—最é‡è¦çš„éƒ¨åˆ†ï¼Œå°¤å…¶å¼ºè°ƒåœ¨é‡‘æ ‡å‡†ã€ä¸ç‰èµ„æºã€èµ„æºåŒ®ä¹ä¸åŒç±»åˆ«ä¸‹çš„选择。æ¤å¤–,我们建议一ç§æˆ–者多ç§å¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡æ‚£è€…的临床病å²ï¼Œä¸´åºŠç—‡çŠ¶å’Œä½“å¾ï¼Œè¯Šæ–试验和治疗方案ç‰é€”径指导临床医生的æµç¨‹ã€‚
对于类圆线虫病治疗分级管ç†ï¼Œåªæœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªé€‰æ‹©ï¼Œå³å•å‰‚é‡ä¼Šç»´èŒç´ ,ä¸éœ€è¦è€ƒè™‘当地资æºæ°´å¹³ã€‚对于治疗失败的患者,鉴于缺ä¹æ›¿ä»£æ²»ç–—çš„è¯æ®ï¼Œæˆ‘们建议2天内é‡å¤ä¼Šç»´èŒç´ 疗程。
类圆线虫病是由广泛生长在çƒå¸¦å’Œäºšçƒå¸¦åœ°åŒºï¼ŒåŒæ—¶å˜åœ¨äºŽæ°”候温和国家(表3)的一ç§çº¿è™«-粪类圆线虫 (图 1)感染引起。
ç±»åœ†çº¿è™«ç—…æœ‰åˆ«äºŽå…¶ä»–åœŸå£¤ä¼ æ’çš„è •è™«æ„ŸæŸ“ï¼Œå…¶é›Œè™«å¯åœ¨äººç±»å®¿ä¸»ä½“内以å•æ€§ç”Ÿæ®–æ–¹å¼ç¹æ®–ï¼Œåœ¨è‚ é“内åµåŒ–并å‘育æˆæ†çŠ¶å¹¼è™«ã€‚
å°½ç®¡ç±»åœ†çº¿è™«ç—…å’Œå…¶å®ƒåœŸå£¤ä¼ æ’çš„è •è™«ç—…æ„ŸæŸ“é€”å¾„ç±»ä¼¼ï¼Œå®ƒéœ€è¦é™¤æ˜¾å¾®é•œå¤–其它诊æ–工具和ä¸åŒçš„治疗方法。在预防性应用伊维èŒç´ 控制盘尾ä¸è™«ç—…或淋巴ä¸è™«ç—…的地区,类圆线虫病的æµè¡ŒçŽ‡æ˜¾è‘—下é™[6–10]。世界å«ç”Ÿç»„织基本è¯ç‰©å§”员会已将伊维èŒç´ 列入其ä¸ï¼Œå’Œé˜¿è‹¯è¾¾å”‘å…±åŒç”¨äºŽæ²»ç–—类圆线虫病。大约有9亿人æ£æŽ¥å—è¿™ç§è”åˆæ²»ç–—对抗被忽视的çƒå¸¦ç—…[11]。
粪类圆线虫有其独特而å¤æ‚的生活å²ã€‚图4æ述了粪类圆线虫独特的ç¹æ®–æ–¹å¼ã€‚
类圆线虫的生活å²è¾ƒå…¶ä»–线虫更为å¤æ‚,它å¯åœ¨è‡ªç”Ÿå‘¨æœŸä¸Žå¯„生周期之间进行转å˜ï¼Œå¹¶å…·æœ‰è‡ªèº«æ„ŸæŸ“和宿主体内自主ç¹æ®–的能力。该线虫的两ç§ç”Ÿæ´»å‘¨æœŸå¦‚下:
类圆线虫病主è¦æµè¡ŒäºŽçƒå¸¦å’Œäºšçƒå¸¦åœ°åŒºï¼ˆå›¾ 5–8), 它的患病率已ç»è¿œè¿œè¶…过了之å‰é¢„计的1亿人å£ï¼šç”šè‡³ä¼°è®¡å·²ç»é«˜è¾¾3.7亿人å£[2]。在东欧åŠåœ°ä¸æµ·åœ°åŒºå¹´é•¿äººç¾¤ä¸äº¦æœ‰æµè¡Œã€‚
我们对感染的患病率和疾病的临床负担知之甚少。如果它确实广泛æµè¡Œï¼Œé‚£ä¹ˆåŒ»æºæ€§çš„é‡åº¦æ„ŸæŸ“(å…疫抑制治疗)就是一项挑战。类圆线虫病的感染在æŸäº›çƒå¸¦å’Œäºšçƒå¸¦åœ°åŒºå·²è¾¾40% [14]。
é‡è¦æ示: 与其它å‘è¾¾å›½å®¶ä¸€æ ·ï¼Œæ¾³å¤§åˆ©äºšä¹Ÿæœ‰ç±»åœ†çº¿è™«ç—…”çƒç‚¹“区未在地图ä¸æ˜¾ç¤ºï¼ˆå°¤å…¶æ˜¯æ¥è‡ªæµè¡Œåœ°åŒºçš„移民,以åŠæ¾³å¤§åˆ©äºšåŒ—部土著居民区)[13,16])。
该图åŒæ ·è¯å®žäº†æ•°æ®çš„匮ä¹ã€‚令人难以置信的是,大部分éžæ´²å’Œäºšæ´²åœ°åŒºä¸å˜åœ¨ç±»åœ†çº¿è™«ã€‚å…¶å®ƒç ”ç©¶è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œç±»åœ†çº¿è™«æ„ŸæŸ“å¹¿æ³›å˜åœ¨ã€‚åŒæ ·ä»¤äººéš¾ä»¥ç½®ä¿¡çš„是,一些国家人å£æ‚£ç—…率高达50%,这å¯èƒ½å˜åœ¨é€‰æ‹©å倚。
移民感染å¯å‘生在任何国家,是潜在的全çƒæ€§å±å®³ã€‚该疾病å¯åœ¨ä»»ä½•è¯Šå®¤å‡ºçŽ°ã€‚
在类圆线虫病æµè¡ŒåŒºï¼Œæœ€å¤§å±é™©å› ç´ æ˜¯ç¤¾ä¼šç»æµŽä¸Šçš„劣势。
类圆线虫病从完全没有症状到严é‡è¡¨çŽ°ï¼Œå¯å‘展为é‡åº¦æ„ŸæŸ“综åˆå¾å’Œæ’散性疾病,与å…疫缺陷患者的高æ»äº¡çŽ‡ç›¸å…³ã€‚
在çƒå¸¦åœ°åŒºï¼Œæœ‰è®¸å¤šç±»é£Žæ¹¿æ€§å…³èŠ‚ç‚Žã€æ”¯æ°”管哮喘和肾å°çƒè‚¾ç‚Žæ‚£è€…接å—é•¿æœŸç±»å›ºé†‡æ¿€ç´ æ²»ç–—ï¼Œæ‚£è€…å¯ä»¥ç›´æŽ¥ä»Žè¯åº—è´ä¹°ç±»å›ºé†‡æ¿€ç´ 。
类圆线虫病是一ç§ä¸Žäººå—œT淋巴细胞病毒I型相关的机会性感染,而ä¸æ˜¯é‡è¦çš„艾滋病相关机会性感染[19]ã€‚è§‚å¯Ÿæ€§ç ”ç©¶è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œæ‚£æœ‰äººç±»å…疫缺陷病毒/ 获得性å…疫缺陷综åˆå¾ï¼ˆHIV/AIDS)的患者患æ’散性类圆线虫病或者é‡åº¦æ„ŸæŸ“综åˆå¾çš„风险并ä¸å¢žåŠ [20]。
æ€¥æ€§ç±»åœ†çº¿è™«ç—…é€šå¸¸æ— ç—‡çŠ¶å¹¶å¯æ½œä¼æ•°å年。å…疫力æ£å¸¸çš„患者如果ä¸æ²»ç–—é€šå¸¸ä¸ºæ…¢æ€§æ— ç—‡çŠ¶æ€§ç»ˆç”Ÿæ„ŸæŸ“ã€‚
慢性感染是ä¸æ˜Žç–¾ç—…的潜在é‡è¦åŽŸå› 。åŒæ ·ç”±äºŽç¼ºä¹æœ‰æ•ˆçš„诊æ–工具,方法ç¹ç且æ•æ„Ÿæ€§ä½Žï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œç¡®åˆ‡çš„感染患病率和å‘病率尚ä¸æ¸…楚。由于类圆线虫病被视为一ç§ç½•è§çš„ç–¾ç—…ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œåœ¨è¯Šæ–或æµè¡Œç—…å¦è°ƒæŸ¥ä¸ï¼Œå°¤å…¶åœ¨å„¿ç«¥ä¸å°‘有投资。
临床上明显的类圆线虫病感染å¯å¯¼è‡´çš®è‚¤ã€èƒƒè‚ é“和肺部症状。
类圆线虫病诊æ–的关键(表5)是è¦æœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªå¯ç–‘çš„æŒ‡æ ‡-并进一æ¥åœ¨ç²ªä¾¿ä¸æ‰¾åˆ°è •è™«æ—¶æ‰èƒ½ç¡®è¯Šã€‚由于虫é‡è¾ƒå°‘以åŠé—´æ‡æ€§æŽ’å…¥å¤§ä¾¿ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œå•æ¬¡æ£€æµ‹é€šå¸¸ä¸èƒ½æ˜Žç¡®è¯Šæ–。有必è¦è¿žç»åˆ†æž3å¤©ä»¥ä¸Šçš„æ ‡æœ¬ã€‚ç™½ç»†èƒžæ£€æµ‹éžå¸¸é‡è¦ï¼Œé€šå¸¸å¯å‘现嗜酸性粒细胞增多(50%患者å‡é«˜ï¼‰ã€‚
但嗜酸性粒细胞增多有时会干扰判æ–ï¼šå®ƒæ˜¯æ™®é€šçš„æ— å¹¶å‘症感染的有力è¯æ®ï¼Œä½†åœ¨æ’散性类圆线虫病ä¸å°‘有增高。
表6 列出了é‡åº¦æ„ŸæŸ“综åˆå¾å’Œæ’散性感染的症状和体å¾[20].
è¯æ®è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œå³ä½¿æ²¡æœ‰åœ¨æµè¡ŒåŒºå±…ä½æˆ–æ—…è¡Œå²ï¼Œä¹Ÿéœ€è¦å¯¹å—œé…¸æ€§ç²’细胞增多患者进行调查[22].
è¿‘å¹´æ¥ï¼Œå·²ç»å‘展了多ç§è¯Šæ–方法,他们的使用å–决于当地实际情况和相关专业知识:åžçº¿è¯•éªŒã€åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ å¸å¼•ã€åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ æ´»æ£€ã€æ”¯æ°”管肺泡çŒæ´—(BAL)ã€å…疫诊æ–试验,以åŠç”¨ä¸åŒæ–¹æ³•é‡å¤æ£€æµ‹æ–°é²œçš„粪便。
长期以æ¥ï¼Œç²ªç±»åœ†çº¿è™«ç—…在全çƒçš„患病率被低估了。这å¯èƒ½æ˜¯ç”±äºŽä¾èµ–æµè¡Œç—…ç ”ç©¶å¸¸ç”¨å´ä¸èƒ½ç¡®è¯Šç²ªç±»åœ†çº¿è™«ç—…的粪便的直接镜检和Kato-Katz方法[23]。常用的以粪便为基础的方法具有æžä½Žçš„çµæ•åº¦ã€‚显微镜检å¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡æ£€æµ‹å¤šä»½ç²ªä¾¿æ ·æœ¬ï¼Œæ”¹è‰¯æµ“缩技术æ高检出率[24], 但çµæ•åº¦ä»è¾ƒä½Žã€‚
在低/ä¸ç‰æ”¶å…¥åŠå‘达国家,在显微镜鉴定寄生虫方é¢å—到良好è®ç»ƒçš„人员数目似乎在å‡å°‘。
Lodhç‰[25]ç ”ç©¶è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œç²ªç±»åœ†çº¿è™«çš„DNAå¯åœ¨å°¿é‡Œæ£€æµ‹åˆ°ã€‚一旦å¯ç”¨ä¸”如果足够æ•æ„Ÿï¼Œå°¿æ¶²æ ·æœ¬çš„检测å¯èƒ½å…·æœ‰å¸å¼•åŠ›ï¼Œå› 为它们ä¸éœ€è¦å¯†é›†çš„劳力和资æºï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”没有检测新鲜粪便的å¥åº·é£Žé™©[25]。
通过显微镜在粪便ã€åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ æ¶²æˆ–å¶å°”在其它组织或液体ä¸æ‰¾åˆ°å¹¼è™«å¯æ˜Žç¡®ç²ªç±»åœ†çº¿è™«çš„诊æ–(表7, 8; 图 10, 11)。然而,由于幼虫密度较低,å•æ¬¡æ£€æµ‹å¾€å¾€æ˜¯ä¸æ•æ„Ÿçš„ [26]。
用显微镜观察粪便ä¸å¹¼è™«çš„å‡ ç§æ–¹æ³•ã€‚
以上方法的使用å–决于当地的实际情况和显微镜技术人员的专业水平。
Baermannæ¼æ–—技术和Kogaç¼è„‚å¹³æ¿åŸ¹å…»æ–¹æ³•æ£€æµ‹ç±»åœ†çº¿è™«æ˜¯è¯¥é¢†åŸŸæœ€å¥½çš„诊æ–方法。这些方法检测寄生虫比其它粪便检测方法具有更高的çµæ•åº¦ã€‚
与Baermann技术和ç¼è„‚å¹³æ¿åŸ¹å…»ç›¸æ¯”,血清å¦è¯•éªŒå…·æœ‰æ›´é«˜çš„æ•æ„Ÿæ€§ï¼Œå°½ç®¡æœ‰äº›ä½œè€…担心它的特异性[20].
最方便和广泛使用的血清å¦æ–¹æ³•æ˜¯é…¶è”å…ç–«å¸é™„试验(ELISA)检测针对ä¸çŠ¶å¹¼è™«ç²—æ物的å…ç–«çƒè›‹ç™½G(IgG)。ELISA比较费力,且需è¦ä¸€å®šæ°´å¹³çš„实验室基础设施实施和解读结果,这阻ç¢äº†å®ƒçš„适用性,尤其是在类圆线虫病æµè¡ŒåŒº[26]。æ¤å¤–,血清å¦åœ¨ç–«åŒºæ²»æ„ˆåŽéšè®¿ä»·å€¼æœ‰é™ï¼Œå› 为å¯èƒ½å†æ¬¡æ„ŸæŸ“。
类似的症状也å¯å‘生以下许多情况,包括引起急慢性腹泻和å¸æ”¶ä¸è‰¯çš„åŽŸå› ï¼Œå¼•èµ·å—œé…¸æ€§ç²’ç»†èƒžå¢žå¤šçš„åŽŸå› ï¼Œå’Œå¼•èµ·é©å…°é˜´æ€§è´¥è¡€ç—‡åŽŸå› 。以下鉴别诊æ–需è¦è€ƒè™‘:
诊æ–的关键在于将类圆线虫病作为一个å¯èƒ½çš„诊æ–并且直接或者通过血清å¦/分å试验明确寄生虫感染。
ä¸Žå…¶ä»–è •è™«æ„ŸæŸ“çš„æ²»ç–—ç›¸æ¯”ï¼Œç±»åœ†çº¿è™«ç—…çš„æ²»ç–—ï¼ˆè¡¨9ï¼‰æ›´ä¸ºå›°éš¾ï¼Œå› ä¸ºéœ€å°†ä½“å†…è™«ä½“å®Œå…¨æ¸…é™¤ã€‚
对于患有é‡åº¦æ„ŸæŸ“或者æ’散性感染的类圆线虫病而ä¸èƒ½å£æœç»™è¯çš„å±é‡ç—…人,伊维èŒç´ 已通过皮下途径æˆåŠŸç»™è¯[36]。对于å±é‡ç—…人,æ¯å¤©ç»™äºˆä¼Šç»´èŒç´ 并且至少æŒç»14天,治疗总疗程å–决于显微镜检体液幼虫阳性å˜ä¸ºé˜´æ€§ï¼ˆç²ªä¾¿æˆ–者尿液,或者é‡åº¦æ„ŸæŸ“时其它部ä½ï¼‰[37]。
é¿å…皮肤直接接触å«ä¸çŠ¶èš´çš„土壤å¯ä»¥é¢„防感染。高å±äººç¾¤—尤其是儿童—在疫区活动时应穿鞋。高å±äººç¾¤è¿›è¡Œå…疫抑制治疗å‰é¦–先应进行相关检查以检出感染者。
家åºæˆå‘˜ä¸Žæ‚£è€…的日常接触ä¸æ˜¯æ„ŸæŸ“çš„å±é™©å› ç´ ã€‚å¯¹æ‚£è€…æŽ’æ³„ç‰©çš„æ°å½“处ç†æ˜¯é˜»æ–ç±»åœ†çº¿è™«ç—…ä¼ æ’çš„é‡è¦æŽªæ–½ã€‚
ç›®å‰å°šæ— 该疾病预防性è¯ç‰©æˆ–疫苗。
对类圆线虫病感染ä½é™¢æ‚£è€…应采å–æ ‡å‡†çš„é¢„é˜²æŽªæ–½ã€‚ç©¿æˆ´æ‰‹å¥—ã€å¤§è¤‚ã€å‹¤æ´—手对å¯èƒ½æŽ¥è§¦æ‚£è€…粪便的人很é‡è¦[20]。
Forrerç‰[46]çš„ç ”ç©¶è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œä»¥ç¤¾åŒºä¸ºåŸºç¡€çš„å•å‰‚é‡ä¼Šç»´èŒç´ 治疗粪类圆线虫病和å«ç”Ÿè®¾æ–½æœ‰æ•ˆçš„é™ä½Žäº†æŸ¬åŸ”寨农æ‘社区的感染风险,85%以上æ‘民在治疗1å¹´åŽä»ä¿æŒé˜´æ€§ã€‚感染控制是å¯è¡ŒåŠéžå¸¸æœ‰ç›Šçš„,特别是与å«ç”Ÿè®¾æ–½æ”¹è¿›ç›¸ç»“åˆ[46]。
Khieuç‰ [47] å‘现家里有厕所的人感染粪类圆线虫概率显著低于没有厕所的人。如果所有å—试者使用厕所进行排便,计算出的人å£å½’å› å±é™©åº¦é™ä½Ž39% [17,47]。
Crokerå’ŒShe指出,洛æ‰çŸ¶åŽ¿æ½œä¼ç±»åœ†çº¿è™«æ„ŸæŸ“者ä¸å—œé…¸æ€§ç²’细胞增多症的高患病率çªå‡ºäº†ç›æŸ¥å—œé…¸æ€§ç²’细胞增多患者的é‡è¦æ€§ï¼Œå½“其他更常è§çš„åŽŸå› è¢«æŽ’é™¤åŽ[48]。
StrongNet [38]是一个国际网络,用于æ高对类圆线虫病的诊æ–和治疗,它æ倡更好的地区间åˆä½œè¯Šæ–åŠå¤§è§„模使用伊维èŒç´ 控制æµè¡Œåœ°åŒºçš„类圆线虫病。在该网络的努力下,伊维èŒç´ 最近被列入世界å«ç”Ÿç»„织治疗类圆线虫病的基本è¯ç‰©æ¸…å•ï¼›æœ€ç»ˆç›®æ ‡æ˜¯åˆ¶å®šå…¬å…±å«ç”ŸæŽ§åˆ¶æˆ˜ç•¥ï¼Œå°†ç²ªç±»åœ†çº¿è™«çº³å…¥ä¸–ç•Œå«ç”Ÿç»„ç»‡çš„åœŸå£¤ä¼ æ’寄生虫病的预防性化疗战略ä¸ã€‚
急性和慢性类圆线虫病预åŽè‰¯å¥½ã€‚由于自身感染的å˜åœ¨ï¼Œæœªæ²»ç–—的患者å¯ç»ˆèº«å¸¦è™«ã€‚患者长期脱离疫区并ä¸èƒ½ä¿è¯ä¸å†å‘病。严é‡çš„æ’散性感染通常导致æ»äº¡ï¼Œä¸”é€šå¸¸å¯¹æ²»ç–—æ— åº”ç”。
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