1. 简介
2010 å¹´5 月21,æ—¥ 世界å«ç”Ÿç»„织第63 届世界大会通过了一项决议,将7 月28 日定为世界è‚炎日,并声明:“这个由å„æˆå‘˜å›½æ出的决议è¦æ±‚世å«ç»„织制定一个全é¢çš„方法æ¥é¢„防和控制这些疾病。”ç—…ç§ä¾æ¬¡ä¸ºç—…毒性è‚ç‚ŽA 到E,决议里第二个相关的å³é…’精性è‚病,代表了WHO 首次æ£å¼å£°æ˜Žè‚è„疾病是一个é‡å¤§çš„å…¨çƒæ€§å…¬å…±å«ç”Ÿé—®é¢˜ã€‚然而,虽然病毒性è‚炎和酒精性è‚病对全çƒæ€§çš„å¥åº·è‡³å…³é‡è¦ï¼Œä½†ä»–们没有涵盖所有的,甚至是最é‡è¦çš„ä¸€äº›é€ æˆå…¨çƒå«ç”Ÿè´Ÿæ‹…çš„è‚è„疾病。éžé…’精性脂肪性è‚病(NAFLD)和éžé…’精性脂肪性è‚炎(NASH)是现在西方国家è‚è„疾病的首ä½åŽŸå› ï¼Œè¿™ç‚¹åœ¨è¿‡åŽ»çš„å‡ å年里已越æ¥è¶Šæ˜Žç¡®ã€‚éžé…’精性脂肪è‚的患病率在过去20 å¹´ä¸ç¿»äº†ä¸€ç•ªï¼Œè€Œå…¶ä»–慢性è‚病的患病率一直ä¿æŒç¨³å®šï¼Œç”šè‡³ä¸‹é™ã€‚最近的数æ®è¯å®žï¼ŒNAFLD å’ŒNASH 在ä¸ä¸œï¼Œè¿œä¸œï¼Œéžæ´²ï¼ŒåŠ 勒比海和拉ä¸ç¾Žæ´²å‘挥ç€åŒæ ·é‡è¦çš„作用。
NAFLD 是指过多的脂肪以甘油三酯的形å¼å †ç§¯åœ¨è‚è„ä¸ï¼ˆè„‚肪å˜æ€§ï¼‰ï¼ˆ>5ï¼…çš„è‚细胞组织)。尚有一些NAFLD 的患者ä¸é™¤äº†æœ‰è¿‡å¤šè„‚肪外尚有è‚细胞æŸä¼¤å’Œç‚Žç—‡ï¼ˆè„‚肪性è‚炎)。åŽè€…å³NASH,和酒精性脂肪性è‚炎(ASH)病ç†ä¸Šå‡ 乎是没有什么区别。NAFLD ä¸å•çº¯çš„脂肪å˜æ€§å’ŒçŸæœŸçš„å‘病率或æ»äº¡çŽ‡å¢žåŠ 没有相关性,但一旦进展到NASH 则显著æ高è‚硬化ã€è‚è¡°ç«å’Œè‚细胞癌(HCC)的风险。由于NASH 引起的è‚硬化是è‚移æ¤æ—¥ç›Šå¢žåŠ çš„ä¸€ä¸ªåŽŸå› ã€‚åœ¨NASH 患者ä¸è‚病所致的å‘病率和æ»äº¡çŽ‡éƒ½å¤§å¤§å¢žåŠ ,并且和心血管疾病å‘病率和æ»äº¡çŽ‡å¢žåŠ 密切相关。
表 1 NAFLD/NASH çš„æ»äº¡çŽ‡
NASH 被广泛认为是代谢综åˆå¾çš„è‚è„表现,如2 åž‹ç³–å°¿ç—…ï¼Œèƒ°å²›ç´ æŠµæŠ—ï¼Œä¸å¤®æ€§è‚¥èƒ–,高脂血症(低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇,高甘油三酯血症),和高血压。目å‰ç³–尿病和肥胖症呈全çƒæµè¡Œã€‚到2008 年,至少有14.6 亿æˆå¹´äººè¶…é‡æˆ–肥胖,1700 万的儿童超é‡æˆ–肥胖。在éžæ´²ä¸€äº›åœ°åŒºï¼Œè‚¥èƒ–所困扰的儿童比è¥å…»ä¸è‰¯çš„更多。这些数å—将继ç»ä¸Šå‡ï¼Œè¡¨æ˜Žæ— 论在贫穷或富有的国家,NASH å°†æˆä¸ºä¸€ä¸ªè¶Šæ¥è¶Šæ™®éçš„è‚è„é—®é¢˜ï¼Œä»Žè€Œå¢žåŠ è‚è„疾病的全çƒè´Ÿæ‹…,影å“å…¨çƒå…¬ä¼—å¥åº·å’ŒåŒ»ç–—ä¿å¥è´¹ç”¨ã€‚æ®ä¼°è®¡ï¼ŒNAFLD/ NASH 会使5 年直接和间接的医疗æˆæœ¬å¢žåŠ 26%。
表 2 代谢综åˆå¾çš„临床识别 (美国心è„å¦ä¼šåŠç¾Žå›½å›½å®¶å¿ƒè„ã€è‚ºã€è¡€æ¶²ç ”究所的科å¦å£°æ˜Ž)
HDL, 高密度脂蛋白.
NASH çš„ç¡®åˆ‡åŽŸå› å°šæœªé˜æ˜Žï¼Œä¸”对于æ¯ä¸€ä¸ªç—…人ä¸å…¨ç›¸åŒã€‚è™½ç„¶å®ƒå’Œèƒ°å²›ç´ æŠµæŠ—ï¼Œè‚¥èƒ–å’Œä»£è°¢ç»¼åˆå¾å¯†åˆ‡ç›¸å…³ï¼Œä½†å¹¶ä¸æ˜¯æ‰€æœ‰æœ‰è¿™äº›æƒ…况的患者都有NAFLD/ NASH,也ä¸æ˜¯æ‰€æœ‰NAFLD/ NASH 患者都有上述任一代谢综åˆå¾è¡¨çŽ°ã€‚然而,æ£å¦‚上文所述,NASH å¯ä»¥å¯¼è‡´è‚硬化,è‚è¡°ç«å’ŒHCC,是一ç§æ½œåœ¨çš„致命性疾病。
ç›®å‰æ²¡æœ‰ç¡®å®šçš„治疗措施,没有循è¯çš„临床指å—。尚没有任何足够的å‰çž»æ€§ï¼ŒåŒç›²ï¼Œå¯¹ç…§è¯•éªŒä»¥æ供必è¦çš„æ•°æ®æ¥åˆ›å»ºä¸€ä¸ªå¾ªè¯æŒ‡å—。该全çƒæŒ‡å—的目的是æ供一些æ¥è‡ªå…³æ³¨è¯¥é—®é¢˜çš„å„个领域专家的最佳æ„è§ï¼Œç»“åˆå½“地现有资æºæ¡ä»¶ï¼Œç»™å‡ºæœ€å¥½çš„诊治方法,
分级—一ç§èµ„æºæ•æ„Ÿçš„æ–¹å¼
在一些能有效地对 NASH 进行全é¢è¯Šæ–æ£€æµ‹å’Œæ²»ç–—çš„å›½å®¶ï¼Œä¸€å¥—é‡‘æ ‡å‡†æ–¹æ³•æ˜¯å¯è¡Œçš„,然而世界大部分地区尚没有这些资æºæ¡ä»¶ï¼Œé€šè¿‡ä»–们的诊æ–å’Œæ²»ç–—åˆ†çº§ï¼Œä¸–ç•Œèƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦ç»„织指å—æ供了一个资æºæ•æ„Ÿçš„方法。
分级: 一套按å¯ç”¨èµ„æºæ¡ä»¶å¯¹è¯Šæ–ã€æ²»ç–—ã€ç–¾ç—…和风险处ç†æ–¹å¼è¿›è¡Œåˆ†å±‚的的分级系统。
2. æµè¡Œç—…å¦
NASH 是一ç§è¶Šæ¥è¶Šå¸¸è§çš„慢性è‚病,世界å„地广泛分布,和糖尿病和肥胖密切相关,都达到了æµè¡Œç—…的程度。æ®ä¼°è®¡ï¼Œå…¨çƒæœ‰è‡³å°‘14.6 亿肥胖的æˆå¹´äººï¼Œç¾Žå›½çº¦600 万人已ç»è¿›å±•åˆ°NASH,其ä¸60 万有NASH 相关è‚硬化。肥胖的患病率有显ç€çš„文化和地域上的差异。
然而在大多数西方国家,尤其是妇女å爱瘦的体形,但这点ä¸ä¸€å®šæ˜¯å…¨çƒèŒƒå›´è€Œè¨€çš„。在其他许多文化ä¸ï¼Œè‚¥èƒ–是令人å‘往的,也被视为一个æˆåŠŸçš„ç‹¬ç‰¹æ ‡å¿—ï¼ˆä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œä»¥ä¸‹æ¥è‡ªåŸƒåŠçš„æ•°æ®ï¼‰ã€‚
在美国,肥胖在社会ç»æµŽä¸‹å±‚的群体ä¸å°¤ä¸ºå¸¸è§ï¼Œä»–们很大程度上ä¾èµ–于高脂肪,高çƒé‡çš„å¿«é¤é£Ÿå“(“垃圾食哔)。与æ¤ç›¸å,在许多贫穷国家,肥胖被认作是å°åº·æ°´å¹³ï¼Œå—过良好教育人å£çš„肥胖患病率最高。
地区肥胖/超é‡èµ„æ–™
表 3 地区肥胖/超é‡çš„æ•°æ® (典型例å)
BMI, body mass index,体质指数
图 1 年龄大于15 å²çš„男性和女性肥胖å‘生率的估计 (BMI > 25) (2010).
æ¥æº: WHO InfoBase.
表 4 超é‡ä¸Žè‚¥èƒ–—å„地区å‘生率概况 (2004)
æ¥æº: WHO 2009 [25]. Click here to link to the source.
NAFLD 和 NASH 的患病率
表 5 NAFLD å’Œ NASH 的患病率估计. å› ä¸åŒçš„定义ã€ç ”究人群åŠè¯Šæ–方法的差异,NAFLD å’Œ NASH 的患病率报é“有所ä¸åŒ
3. 致病机制åŠå±é™©å› ç´
脂肪在è‚è„å †ç§¯è¶…è¿‡ 5ï¼…çš„è‚è„é‡é‡å³å®šä¹‰ä¸ºéžé…’精性脂肪性è‚病(NAFLD),而NASH 是其ä¸æœ€ä¸¥é‡çš„组织å¦ç—…å˜ï¼ŒNASH çš„ç»Ÿä¸€æ ‡å‡†è¯Šæ–和分期ä»å˜åœ¨äº‰è®®ï¼ˆè¯¦æƒ…请å‚阅在åŽé¢çš„ç« èŠ‚ä¸ï¼‰ã€‚
èƒ°å²›ç´ æŠµæŠ—å’Œè‚¥èƒ–å¯†åˆ‡ç›¸å…³å¹¶ä¸”æ˜¯NAFLD å‘ç—…æœºåˆ¶çš„æ ¸å¿ƒã€‚æ¤å¤–ï¼Œæ°§åŒ–åº”æ¿€å’Œç»†èƒžå› å也是é‡è¦çš„å½±å“å› ç´ ã€‚å®ƒä»¬å…±åŒä½œç”¨åœ¨é—ä¼ æ˜“æ„Ÿä¸ªä½“ä¸å¼•èµ·è‚脂肪å˜æ€§åŠè¿›è¡Œæ€§çš„è‚æŸä¼¤ã€‚
NASH 的主è¦ç—…ç†æ”¹å˜åŒ…括脂肪å˜æ€§ï¼Œè‚细胞气çƒæ ·å˜ï¼Œå°å¶ç‚Žç—‡ï¼›çº¤ç»´åŒ–并ä¸æ˜¯NASH 的组织å¦å®šä¹‰çš„一部分。然而,è‚组织活检纤维化程度(分期)作为预åŽè¯„ä¼°çš„å› ç´ ï¼Œè€Œå…¶ç‚Žç—‡å’Œåæ»åˆ†çº§å¹¶ä¸ä½œä¸ºé¢„åŽå› ç´ ã€‚
è¯¥ç–¾ç—…åœ¨æ— ç—‡çŠ¶é˜¶æ®µå¯ä»¥æŒç»æ•°å¹´ï¼Œä¹Ÿå¯èƒ½è¿›å±•ä¸ºè‚硬化或è‚细胞è‚癌。
一个国际上关于NASH å‘病机制的å‡è¯´æ˜¯“多é‡æ‰“击å¦è¯´”,其ä¸ä»£è°¢ç»¼åˆå¾èµ·åˆ°ä¸»è¦ä½œç”¨ï¼Œä¸»è¦ä¸Žèƒ°å²›ç´ 抵抗åŠæœ‰å…³è›‹ç™½å’Œå…ç–«æˆåˆ†ä»‹å¯¼çš„促炎过程相关。这些“打击”å› ç´ ç›®å‰å¤§éƒ¨åˆ†å°šæœªè¢«å®šä¹‰ï¼Œä¸”在æ¯ä½æ‚£è€…çš„å‘ç—…ä¸è§’色ä¸ä¸€ã€‚
图. 2 éžé…’精性脂肪è‚ç‚Ž(NASH)çš„“多é‡æ‰“击”å¦è¯´. oxLDL, 氧化低密度脂蛋白; TLR, Toll æ ·å—体
å±é™©å› ç´ åŠç›¸å…³ç–¾ç—…
低风险人群的特点是:年轻,å¥åº·ï¼Œå°‘酒精摄入,ä¸è‚¥èƒ–。
表 6 å±é™©å› ç´ åŠç›¸å…³çš„疾病
表 7 èƒ°å²›ç´ æŠµæŠ—è®¡ç®—
HOMA, 稳æ€æ¨¡å¼è¯„ä¼°; QUICKI, èƒ°å²›ç´ æ•æ„Ÿæ€§ç›‘测指数定é‡.
表 8 肥胖症的NASH 计分系统
预åŽåŠå¹¶å‘ç—‡
- NAFLD é€æ¥è¿›å±•åˆ° NASH , è‚硬化/è‚功能衰ç«åŠHCC.
- NAFLD 并ä¸ä¼šåŠ 剧è‚毒性, 一些è¯ç‰©å‰¯ä½œç”¨åŒ…括 HMG-CoA 还原酶抑制剂在内,更ä¸å¯èƒ½å‘生。
- NAFLD 和并å˜çš„肥胖åŠç›¸å…³çš„ä»£è°¢å› ç´ ä¼šåŠ å‰§å…¶ä»–çš„è‚è„疾病—如酒精性è‚ç—….
- NAFLD 和丙è‚或人å…疫缺陷病毒(HIV)并å˜ä¼šä½¿é¢„åŽå˜å·®ä¸”è¯ç‰©æ²»ç–—å应下é™ã€‚
- åŸºå› 3 型丙è‚通常和脂肪å˜æ€§ç›¸å…³, 从而有å¯èƒ½æ··æ·†ä¸™è‚å’ŒNASH 抑或两者并å˜çš„诊æ–。
- è‚活检å¯ä»¥æ˜Žç¡®ç–¾ç—…严é‡ç¨‹åº¦ï¼Œä½†ä»…ä»…åªæœ‰çº¤ç»´åŒ–程度而éžç‚Žç—‡å’Œåæ»ç¨‹åº¦å¯ä»¥ä½œä¸ºé¢„åŽæŒ‡æ ‡ã€‚
- NASH + 桥接纤维化或è‚硬化时组织å¦ä¸Šå¯ä»¥è¿›å±•åˆ°ç»ˆæœ«æœŸè‚病。
- 终末期 NASH 是éšæºæ€§è‚硬化一个未被å‘现的常è§åŽŸå› ;尤其在è€å¹´NASH 患者ä¸ï¼Œè¿›è¡Œæ€§è‚纤维化常常被脂肪å˜æ€§å’Œè¡€æ¸…å¦æŒ‡æ ‡çš„稳定或改善而掩盖。
- NASH 相关的 (éšæºæ€§) è‚ç¡¬åŒ–å¢žåŠ äº†è‚细胞è‚癌(HCC)的风险
- NASH è‚硬化患者æ»äº¡çš„原å›
- è‚è¡°ç«
- 败血症
- é™è„‰æ›²å¼ 出血
- HCC
- 心血管疾病
表 9 å’Œå•çº¯è„‚肪å˜æ€§åŠé…’精性脂肪性è‚ç‚Ž(ASH)相比NASH 的生å˜çŽ‡
表 10 从 NAFLD 到 NASH 到 è‚硬化/è‚è¡°ç« åŠHCC 的疾病进程. å› ä¸åŒçš„定义ã€ä¸åŒçš„ç ”ç©¶äººç¾¤åŠä¸åŒçš„诊æ–方法,å„患病率åŠå‘病率有很大的差异
- çº¤ç»´åŒ–è¿›å±•çš„ç‹¬ç«‹é¢„æµ‹å› å:
- 年龄> 45–50
- BMI > 28–30 kg/m2
- èƒ°å²›ç´ æŠµæŠ—ç¨‹åº¦
- ç³–å°¿ç—…
- 高血压
- NASH 生å˜çš„è´Ÿé¢å½±å“å› ç´ :
- 糖尿病,血清ALT å’Œ AST å‡é«˜
- è€å¹´ç—…人åŠåˆæ¬¡è‚活检æ示有åæ»æ€§ç‚Žç—‡
- è€å¹´ç—…人, 异常的空腹血糖, è‚硬化
4. 诊æ–
患者的病å²åŠä¸´åºŠè¯„ä¼°
- 症状:
- å¤§éƒ¨åˆ†æ‚£è€…ä¸ NASH å¹¶æ— ç‰¹å¼‚æ€§ç—‡çŠ¶ã€‚
- 通常有一些åƒä¹åŠ›ã€ä¸é€‚ã€è…¹éƒ¨ä¸é€‚ç‰æ¨¡ç³Šç—‡çŠ¶
- 有以下任æ„表现, 尤其是有 AST/ALT 异常å², 应进一æ¥æ£€æŸ¥ NAFLD/NASH:
- 肥胖,尤其是肥胖症 (BMI > 35)
- åž‹ç³–å°¿ç—…
- 代谢综åˆå¾
- 阻塞性ç¡çœ 呼å¸æš‚åœå²
- èƒ°å²›ç´ æŠµæŠ— (è§è¡¨ 7)
- æ— æ³•ç”¨å…¶ä»–åŽŸå› è§£é‡Šçš„æ…¢æ€§ AST/ALT å‡é«˜ç—…å²,
- 具体的饮酒å²ï¼Œå¥³æ€§ç—…人< 20 g/天,男性< 30 g/天,这点至关é‡è¦ï¼Œå› ç›®å‰å°šæ— 有效鉴别 ASH å’Œ NASH 的诊æ–试验.
- 应用适当的专业问å·æˆ–者评分系统评价酒精摄入。
- CAGE é—®å·: CAGE 四个问题的首å—æ¯ç¼©å†™: ä½ æœ‰æ²¡æœ‰è§‰å¾—ä½ éœ€è¦å‡å°‘ä½ å–é…’,别 äººæ‰¹è¯„ä½ å–é…’ä½¿ä½ æ¼æ€’å—, å–酒感到愧疚,一ç眼就需è¦å–é…’ ? CAGE 是ç›é€‰é…—酒的常用方法,如果有一个回ç”是肯定的或者酒精使用障ç¢è¯†åˆ«è¯•éªŒ(AUDIT) 得分高于 8 分就认为酒精摄入和临床有相关性。
尽管一般对于有潜在è‚è„疾病的患者建议其é¿å…é¥®é…’ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯å¯¹äºŽæœ‰å† è„‰ç–¾ 病的代谢综åˆå¾æ‚£è€…ä¼šäº§ç”Ÿä¸€äº›é—®é¢˜ï¼Œå› é€‚é‡é¥®é…’对他们是有利的。有é™çš„ç ” 究æ示适度饮酒 (æ¯å¤© 0.12 L / 4 液盎å¸)能é™ä½Ž NAFLD çš„æ‚£ç—…çŽ‡ã€‚ä½†æœªæœ‰æ•°æ® è¡¨æ˜Žè¯¥æ–¹æ³•å¯¹äºŽå·²æœ‰ NAFLD 患者有治疗作用。
- ä¸å¿ƒæ€§è‚¥èƒ–和活检组织的炎症程度相关, 颈背部的脂肪增生(水牛背)和è‚细胞æŸä¼¤ç›¸å…³
- 在进展期è‚病患者体检ä¸å¯æœ‰ï¼šèœ˜è››ç—£ï¼Œè…¹æ°´ï¼Œè‚脾肿大,è‚掌,黄疸,è‚性脑病。
常规的实验室åŠå½±åƒå¦æ£€æŸ¥
- ALT å’Œ AST å‡é«˜:
- 约在 10% NASH 病人ä¸, ALT å’Œ AST 有å¯èƒ½æ£å¸¸ï¼Œå°¤å…¶æ˜¯å•çº¯è„‚肪å˜æ€§æ—¶
- é“蛋白水平异常而转é“蛋白饱和度æ£å¸¸æ—¶åº”进一æ¥æŽ’查 NASH.
- AST/ALT 比例 < 1—在酒精性è‚ç‚Žä¸è¯¥æ¯”值常 > 2 .
- 典型的影åƒå¦æ£€æŸ¥è¯å®žè‚è„脂肪积èš:
- ç£å…±æŒ¯ (MRI) 检查有定é‡ä»·å€¼, 但并ä¸èƒ½åŒºåˆ« NASH å’Œ ASH.
- 超声是脂肪è‚常规的ç›æŸ¥æ‰‹æ®µ
如果脂肪å«é‡< 33%,任何影åƒæ£€æŸ¥éƒ½ä¸èƒ½ç²¾ç¡®çš„鉴别脂肪,且影åƒå¦éƒ½ä¸èƒ½ 鉴别 NASH å’Œ ASH
排除试验
- 病毒性è‚ç‚Ž—ä¹™è‚表é¢æŠ—原, 丙è‚病毒抗体 或 HCV-RNA, 甲è‚抗体 IgM, 戊è‚抗体 (åˆé€‚的环境ä¸);但是需注æ„的是患者å¯èƒ½æ˜¯ç—…毒性è‚ç‚Žå’ŒNAFLD/NASH 并å˜
- 酒精相关的è‚è„疾病包括酒精性脂肪性è‚ç‚Ž.
- 自身å…疫性è‚ç—…
- 先天性慢性è‚è„ç—…: é—ä¼ æ€§è¡€è‰²ç—…, Wilson’s ç—…, α-1 抗胰蛋白酶缺陷, 多囊åµå·¢ç»¼åˆå¾.
- è¯ç‰©æ€§è‚ç—….
实验室检查, 评分系统åŠå½±åƒå¦æ£€æŸ¥
ä¸ºäº†èƒ½æ— åˆ›æ€§è¯Šæ– NASH, é¿å…è‚活检,å„ç§è¯„分系统或æˆåƒæŠ€æœ¯å·²å½¢æˆï¼Œä½† 尚没有在å‰çž»æ€§çš„åŒç›²ç ”究ä¸è¢«ä¸¥æ ¼æµ‹è¯•è¿‡ï¼ŒåŒæ—¶ä¹Ÿä¸èƒ½æœ‰æ•ˆé¢„测疾病预åŽåŠ 治疗å应。大部分特异性的血清å¦æ£€æŸ¥æˆ–评分在å•ä¸ªå®žéªŒå®¤æˆ–ç ”ç©¶å®žéªŒå®¤å¯ä»¥ åšï¼Œä½†æˆæœ¬è¾ƒå¤§ï¼Œå¯¹äºŽèµ„æºæ¡ä»¶æœ‰é™çš„å›½å®¶ä»·å€¼å‡ ä¹Žä¸å¤§ã€‚专门的æˆåƒæŠ€æœ¯å¦‚ 利用控制衰å‡ç³»æ•°è¿›è¡Œçš„纤维化扫æ(FibroScan),æ£ç”µåå‘å°„æˆåƒæ‰«æ(PET)åŒ æ ·ä¹Ÿæ˜¯é«˜æˆæœ¬ã€æ•°é‡æœ‰é™è€Œæœ‰å±€é™æ€§ï¼Œä¸”æ— è¶³å¤Ÿçš„å¯¹ç…§æ•°æ®æ”¯æŒã€‚
在 Dowman et al. [7].çš„æ–‡ç« ä¸å¯ä»¥æ‰¾åˆ°ä¸åŒæˆåƒæ¨¡å¼çš„系统回顾åŠæœ‰å…³æ•° æ®ã€‚ 关于该问题的å¦ä¸ªè¯¦ç»†è®¨è®ºå‘表在 Ratziu et al. [11]. 所涉åŠçš„方法显示出 广阔的应用å‰æ™¯ä½†ç›®å‰å°šä¸èƒ½æ™®é推广。
è‚活检
尽管è‚æ´»æ£€æ˜¯æœ‰åˆ›æ€§æ£€æŸ¥ï¼Œä¸”æœ‰æ½œåœ¨çš„æ ·æœ¬è¯¯å·®åŠç»„织病ç†å¦ä¸Šåˆ¤æ–çš„ä¸ä¸€è‡´ 性,但对于 NASH 的诊æ–åŠåˆ†çº§ä»éœ€è‚活检。目å‰æœ€å¸¸ç”¨çš„组织å¦è¯„分系统概 括在表 11 ä¸ã€‚它主è¦æ˜¯ç”¨æ¥è¯„估对照试验ä¸çš„实验性疗法的效果,而ä¸æ˜¯è¯Šæ– NASH,且ç»è¿‡ç‹¬ç«‹éªŒè¯å¯¹æˆäººå’Œå„¿ç«¥çš„ NAFLD 或 NASH 都适用。除了è‚æ´»æ£€å°šæ— å…¶ä»–æœ‰æ•ˆé‰´åˆ« NAFLD/ALD åŠ NASH/ASH çš„æ–¹æ³•ã€‚å› è‚活检确切的判æ–æœ‰ä¸€å®šéš¾åº¦ï¼Œå› è€Œï¼Œæœ€å¥½ç”±ç»éªŒä¸°å¯Œçš„è‚è„ç—…ç†å¦å®¶è¿›è¡Œè¯»ç‰‡ä¸”åšå‡ºç»„织病ç†è¯Šæ–。
表 11 NASH ä¸´åºŠç ”ç©¶ç½‘ç»œç»„ç»‡å¦è¯„分系统
Source: Kleiner et al., Hepatology 2005;41:1313–21 [35].
è‚活检åŠç»„织å¦æ£€æŸ¥ä¸»è¦ä¸ºäº†è¯å®ž NASH 的诊æ–并进行分级和分期,åŒæ—¶æŽ’ 除有下述一项或以上异常的其他诊æ–:
- 血清é“蛋白异常但转é“è›‹ç™½é¥±å’Œåº¦æ— å‡é«˜
- 血细胞å‡å°‘
- 脾肿大
- 慢性è‚病的临床å¾è±¡
- ç³–å°¿ç—…åŠæŒç»çš„ AST/ALT å‡é«˜
- 肥胖åŠå¹´é¾„ > 45 或 AST/ALT 异常
- ä¸æ˜ŽåŽŸå› è‚肿大
表 12 脂肪è‚的诊æ–检查
ALT, 丙氨酸转氨酶; ASH, 酒精性脂肪性è‚ç‚Ž; AST, 天冬氨酸转氨酶; CT, computed tomography 计算机æ–层扫æ; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging ç£å…±æŒ¯æˆåƒ; MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy ç£å…±æŒ¯æ³¢æ™®åˆ†æž; NASH, éžé…’精性脂肪性è‚ç‚Ž
NASH 的诊æ–ç–ç•¥
图. 3 NAFLD 的处ç†æµç¨‹. å‚考 Rafiq å’Œ Younossi [10].
è‚酶检测åŠè‚è„超声:
- æœ‰èƒ°å²›ç´ æŠµæŠ—/代谢综åˆå¾/糖尿病就诊的患者
评估脂肪å˜æ€§çš„å½±åƒå¦æ£€æŸ¥:
è‚活检:
- 当è‚é…¶å‡é«˜ä¸”è‚è„超声æ示有脂肪å˜æ€§ï¼Œä¸”高度怀疑有进展的纤维化
- 当éžä¾µå…¥æ€§æ£€æŸ¥ä¸èƒ½ç¡®å®šç–¾ç—…严é‡æ€§å’Œçº¤ç»´åŒ–程度时å¯ä»¥å€ŸåŠ©è‚活检
- 适用于有慢性è‚病(除外 NAFLD)且有代谢å±é™©å› ç´ ï¼Œèƒ°å²›ç´ æŠµæŠ—åŠè¶…声æ示脂肪å˜æ€§çš„患者
- 转é“蛋白饱和度æ£å¸¸è€Œé“蛋白å‡é«˜æ—¶å¿…须除外 NASH.
- 一些高å±äººç¾¤çš„外科手术期间—例如,å‡è‚¥æ‰‹æœ¯ï¼Œ 胆囊切除术。
没有一项éžä¾µå…¥æ€§æ£€æŸ¥èƒ½æŽ’除其他一些å¯èƒ½çš„基础疾病或对疾病进行预åŽåˆ† 期。最åŽï¼ŒNAFLD/NASH 是一个排除性诊æ–,ç»å¸¸ç”¨è‚活检è¯å®žè¯¥è¯Šæ–并对疾 病进行分期ã€æŽ’除其他è‚病并衡é‡ç§¯æžæ²»ç–—的紧迫性。
图. 4 怀疑有 NAFLD 并排除其他è‚病的病人ä¸è‚è„活检的æµç¨‹
图. 5 NAFLD 的诊æ–方法
ALT: 丙氨酸转氨酶; AMA:抗线粒体抗体; ANAï¼šæŠ—æ ¸æŠ—ä½“; anti-LKM Ab:抗è‚肾微粒体抗体; ASMA:抗平滑肌抗体; AST:天冬氨酸转氨酶; BMI:体质指数; CT:计算机æ–层扫æ; FBG: 空腹血糖; GGT:谷氨酰转肽酶; HBsAg:乙è‚表é¢æŠ—原; HCV:丙è‚病毒; LFT:è‚功能测试; OGTT:å£æœè‘¡è„ç³–è€é‡è¯•éªŒ.
分级— 怀疑 NAFLD/NASH 病人的诊æ–措施
表 13 充裕的ã€ä¸ç‰çš„ã€æœ‰é™èµ„æºçš„分级诊æ–
5. 治疗
治疗基本原则
NAFLD/NASH 的治疗主è¦é’ˆå¯¹èƒ°å²›ç´ æŠµæŠ—å’Œæ°§åŒ–åº”æ¿€ã€‚è™½ç„¶ä¸€äº›æ²»ç–—æ–¹æ³•å·²ç» åœ¨è¿›è¡Œä¸´åºŠè¯•éªŒï¼Œä½†å¾ˆå¤šæ²»ç–—çš„æ•ˆæžœä»ä¸ç¡®å®šï¼Œæœ‰äº›æ–¹æ³•å¦‚果治疗ä¸æ–就会有 å弹作用。NASH çš„æ²»ç–—ç›®æ ‡æ˜¯å‡è½»ç»„织æŸä¼¤ï¼Œæ”¹å–„èƒ°å²›ç´ æŠµæŠ—å’Œè‚酶水平。
对 NAFLD/NASH çš„è¯ç‰©æ²»ç–—至今没有循è¯åŒ»å¦è¯æ®ï¼Œè€Œç”Ÿæ´»æ–¹å¼çš„改å˜å¯¹ 于 NAFLD/NASH 的转归则尤为é‡è¦ã€‚
对于 NASH 病人,目å‰è¿˜æ²¡æœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªæ ‡å‡†åŒ–的治疗方案,主è¦çš„治疗措施是对 一些åˆå¹¶ç—‡çš„处ç†ã€‚NASH 病人常常伴有肥胖症,心血管疾病或者其它潜在的 并å‘症而ä¸é€‚åˆåšè‚移æ¤ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥ï¼Œåº”积æžæ²»ç–— NASH 预防è‚硬化的进展。
改å˜ç”Ÿæ´»æ–¹å¼çš„主è¦ç›®çš„是é™ä½Žè¿‡é«˜çš„体é‡ï¼šå·²æœ‰æŠ¥é“显示,å³ä½¿æ˜¯é€æ¥ä½“ é‡ä¸‹é™ 5–10%也能改善è‚组织å¦å˜åŒ–å’Œè‚酶,但ä¸èƒ½æ”¹å–„è‚纤维化。一般通过 积æžçš„è¿åŠ¨å’Œæ”¹å˜ä¹…å少动的生活方å¼éƒ½å¯ä»¥è¾¾åˆ°ä½“é‡ä¸‹é™ 5–10%è¿™ä¸ªç›®æ ‡ã€‚ 当然对于æŸäº›ä»¥èƒ–为美,追求胖,或认为胖是一ç§å¯Œæ€çš„象å¾çš„国家或地区, 我们å¯èƒ½éœ€è¦é€šè¿‡ä¸€äº›åˆé€‚çš„æ–¹å¼å‘ä»–ä»¬ä¼ è¾“ä¸€äº›å…³äºŽè‚¥èƒ–å¸¦æ¥å¥åº·é—®é¢˜çš„知 识。
è‚è„功能衰ç«çš„病人适åˆåšè‚移æ¤ã€‚30–40%有 NASH 相关性è‚硬化的病人需 è¦åšè‚移æ¤æ²»ç–—。很多医疗ä¸å¿ƒæ‹’ç»ç»™ BMI å‡é«˜çš„患者åšè‚移æ¤(æ ¹æ®å½“地的 è‚移æ¤æ ‡å‡†,从 BMI > 35 至 BMI > 45).åŒæ—¶ï¼ŒNASH 会在新移æ¤çš„è‚è„ä¸å¤å‘, 或移æ¤è‚ä¸æ–°å‘。
NASH 的治疗
如上所述,生活方å¼çš„改å˜å¯¹äºŽ NAFLD/NASH 的转归起到了关键作用,至今 还没有ç»è¿‡å¾ªè¯åŒ»å¦è®ºè¯çš„治疗è¯ç‰©ã€‚
改善代谢性疾病
建议患者åˆç†åœ°æŽ§åˆ¶ç³–尿病,高脂血症和心血管å±é™©å› ç´ ã€‚ç ”ç©¶è¡¨æ˜Žé˜¿æ‰˜ä¼ä»– 汀和普ä¼ä»–汀能改善 NASH 病人的组织å¦å˜åŒ–。NAFLD 病人伴血脂异常应该给予他汀类è¯ç‰©æ²»ç–—。有基础è‚病的患者æœç”¨ä»–汀类è¯ç‰©ä¸€èˆ¬ä¸ä¼šå¢žåŠ 毒副å 应,他汀类è¯ç‰©å¼•èµ·ä¸¥é‡çš„è‚毒性éžå¸¸ç½•è§ã€‚
æé«˜èƒ°å²›ç´ æ•æ„Ÿæ€§——é™ä½Žä½“é‡
- é¥®é£Ÿï¼šæŽ§åˆ¶é¥®é£Ÿçš„ç›®æ ‡æ˜¯ä½“é‡ä¸‹é™ 5–10%,一般è¦æ±‚患者æ¯æ—¥æ‘„入的çƒé‡ 应控制在患者所在年龄和性别群体æ¯æ—¥æ£å¸¸æ‘„å…¥çƒé‡ï¼ˆå¦‚ 2500 å¡/天)的 75%。与过低çƒé‡é¥®é£Ÿç›¸æ¯”,适度çƒé‡é™åˆ¶ä½†åŒ…å«ä¸»è¦è¥å…»ç´ 的饮食对病人的饮食控制效果更好。应é‡è§†ç—…人的低çƒé‡é¥®é£Ÿå’Œé£Ÿç‰©çš„ç§ç±»ï¼Œé¿å…å«æžœç³–或åå¼è„‚肪酸的软饮和快é¤ï¼Œåº”多食å«å¯Œå«Ω-3 或Ω-6 多ä¸é¥±å’Œè„‚肪酸的食物。病人å¯èƒ½å¾ˆéš¾åšæŒè¿™æ ·çš„饮食控制,许多病人体é‡ä¸€å¼€å§‹å‡è½»ï¼ŒéšåŽåˆå‡é«˜äº†ã€‚
- è¿åŠ¨ï¼šé¼“励病人æ¯å‘¨è¿›è¡Œ 3-4 次ä¸ç‰å¼ºåº¦çš„è¿åŠ¨ï¼Œä½¿å¿ƒçŽ‡è¾¾åˆ°æ‰€åœ¨å¹´é¾„人群最高心率的 60–75%
- 6 个月åŽè¯„估饮食控制和è¿åŠ¨çš„æ•ˆæžœï¼Œå¦‚æžœæ— æ•ˆåˆ™åº”è€ƒè™‘å¢žåŠ è¯ç‰©æ²»ç–—ç‰å…¶ä»–的治疗ç–略。
- 早期行å‡è‚¥æ‰‹æœ¯å¯¹æœ‰è‚¥èƒ–症的病人å¯èƒ½æœ‰æ•ˆï¼Œä½†å¦‚果病人伴有è‚硬化,很多医疗ä¸å¿ƒå°±ä¼šæ‹’ç»ç»™è¯¥ç—…人åšå‡è‚¥æ‰‹æœ¯ã€‚有é™çš„ä¸€äº›ç ”ç©¶æ˜¾ç¤ºï¼Œä¸€äº›æ‚£è€…åœ¨æˆåŠŸçš„å‡è‚¥æœ¯åŽè‚è„疾病明显改善,代谢综åˆå¾æˆ–èƒ°å²›ç´ æŠµæŠ—ç‰å¹¶å‘症亦有改善。
ç›®å‰ï¼Œé’ˆå¯¹èƒ°å²›ç´ 抵抗的è¯ç‰©ï¼ˆå¦‚噻唑烷二酮和二甲åŒèƒï¼‰å·²ç»è¢«è®¤å¯ç”¨äºŽ 糖尿病的治疗,但对于 NAFLD/NASH 仅仅是实验性的治疗(具体è§å‚考文 献)
抗氧化剂和抗纤维化è¯ç‰©
抗氧化剂和抗纤维化è¯ç‰©ï¼ˆå¦‚ç»´ç”Ÿç´ Eã€å·±é…®å¯å¯ç¢±ç‰ï¼‰è¿˜æ²¡æœ‰è¢«æ‰¹å‡†ç”¨äºŽ NASH/NAFLD 的治疗。关于这两ç§è¯æ²»ç–— NASH/NAFLD çš„åŒç›²å¯¹ç…§è¯•éªŒåŠæœ‰ 关数æ®ä»å¾ˆå°‘,ä»åœ¨å®žéªŒç ”究阶段(具体è§å‚考文献)
疗效监测
通过定期éšè®¿å®žæ—¶æŽŒæ¡ç—…情å‘展和并å‘症,具体è§è¡¨ 14.
表 14 éšè®¿æ£€æŸ¥åŠæ—¶é—´
分级治疗
表 15 分级治疗——医疗资æºå……裕ã€ä¸ç‰ã€æœ‰é™
6. 总结
- NAFLD å’Œ NASH 是一个全çƒæ€§çš„公共å¥åº·é—®é¢˜ï¼Œåœ¨å‘达国家和è½åŽå›½å®¶éƒ½ 广泛æµè¡Œã€‚
- ç›®å‰å°šæ— 充分的è¯æ®æŽ¨è在普通人群ä¸ç›æŸ¥ NASH 和进展期è‚病。
- 所有å˜åœ¨ NASH å±é™©å› ç´ çš„æ‚£è€…éƒ½åº”è€ƒè™‘æ‚£ NASH çš„å¯èƒ½ï¼Œä½†å¹¶ä¸æ˜¯æ‰€æœ‰å˜åœ¨å±é™©å› ç´ çš„æ‚£è€…ä¸€å®šä¼šå‘å±•æˆ NAFLD 或 NASH,也ä¸æ˜¯æ‰€æœ‰ NASH ç—…äººéƒ½æœ‰æ ‡å‡†çš„å±é™©å› ç´ ã€‚
- ä¸æ˜¯æ‰€æœ‰è„‚肪è‚患者都需è¦å¼ºåŒ–性治疗。
- 所有病人都应该饮食控制和è¿åŠ¨æ²»ç–—。
- 对于å˜åœ¨ NASH å’Œ/或其他è‚è„疾病的å±é™©å› ç´ çš„æ‚£è€…ï¼Œåº”è€ƒè™‘è¡Œè‚组织活检。
- NASH 患者或有 NASH å±é™©å› ç´ çš„æ‚£è€…é¦–å…ˆåº”é¥®é£ŸæŽ§åˆ¶å’Œè¿åŠ¨æ²»ç–—ï¼Œæ ¹æ®ç—…æƒ…å¢žåŠ ç»´ç”Ÿç´ E 或己酮å¯å¯ç¢±çš„治疗。åªæœ‰åœ¨ç—…人ç»è¿‡ 6 个月到 1 年的生活方å¼æ”¹å˜ä½“é‡ä»æœªå‡è½» 5–10%æ—¶æ‰è€ƒè™‘使用åˆé€‚的试验性治疗,而且试验性治疗必须由åˆé€‚的人给予。
- 以上治疗方法å‡æ— 效时,应考虑行å‡è‚¥æ‰‹æœ¯ï¼Œä½†æ‰‹æœ¯æ—¶æœºåº”是è‚硬å˜ä¹‹å‰ã€‚
- è‚移æ¤å·²ç»åœ¨è‚功能衰ç«çš„病人身上æˆåŠŸå¼€å±•ï¼Œä½†è‚移æ¤åŽä»å¯èƒ½å¤å‘NASH,而且伴有肥胖症的患者ä¸èƒ½è¡Œè‚移æ¤æ‰‹æœ¯ã€‚
- NAFLD å’Œ NASH 在儿童(包括<10 å²ï¼‰ä¸çš„å‘病率在å‡é«˜ï¼Œé€æ¸æˆä¸ºä¸€ä¸ªä¸¥é‡çš„儿科难题。
- 最终,NAFLD å’Œ NASH 的诊æ–是排除性诊æ–,需è¦ä»”细排除其他疾病å¯èƒ½ã€‚æ£å¦‚临床医生ä¸èƒ½å•é ä¸´åºŠèµ„æ–™è¯Šæ– NASH,病ç†åŒ»ç”Ÿè™½ç„¶å¯ä»¥è¯Šæ–脂肪性è‚ç‚Žçš„ç—…ç†å¦æ”¹å˜ï¼Œä½†ä¹Ÿä¸èƒ½é‰´åˆ«ç—…å˜æ˜¯éžé…’ç²¾æºæ€§è¿˜æ˜¯é…’ç²¾æºæ€§ã€‚
å‚考文献
立场声明和综述
å°±åƒä¸Šè¿°ç®€ä»‹éƒ¨åˆ†æ‰€è¨€ï¼Œç›®å‰å°šæ— 足够的éšæœºå¯¹ç…§åŒç›²ç ”究能æ供一个循è¯åŒ»å¦çš„指å—,以下是一些观点立场ã€ç»¼è¿°ã€ä¸“家æ„è§çš„清å•ã€‚
- Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1221–31. PMID: 11961152.
- Angulo P. Diagnosing steatohepatitis and predicting liver-related mortality in patients with NAFLD: two distinct concepts. Hepatology 2011;53:1792–4. doi: 10.1002/hep.24403. PMID: 21557278.
- Brunt EM. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 2004;24:3–20. PMID: 15085483.
- Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Diehl AM, Brunt EM, Cusi K, et al. The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association. Hepatology 2012;55:2005–23. doi: 10.1002/hep.25762. PMID: 22488764
- Cheung O, Sanyal AJ. Recent advances in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2010;26:202–8. PMID: 20168226.
- Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1649–57. PMID: 12016429.
- Dowman JK, Tomlinson JW, Newsome PN. Systematic review: the diagnosis and staging of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;33:525–40. doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2036-2010.04556.x. Epub 2010 Dec 29. PMID: 21198708.
- Fabbrini E, Sullivan S, Klein S. Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: biochemical, metabolic, and clinical implications. Hepatology 2010;51:679–89. PMID: 20041406.
- Lancet 2011 Aug 27–Sept 2;378(9793): virtually this entire issue addresses the global obesity pandemic, with articles on world epidemiology, cultural and political costs, pathogenesis, therapy, and proposed approaches to the problem. A virtual primer on global obesity. Articles are detailed in the next section, under Epidemiology.
- Rafiq N, Younossi ZM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a practical approach to evaluation and management. Clin Liver Dis 2009;13:249–66. PMID: 19442917.
- Ratziu V, Bellentani S, Cortez-Pinto H, Day C, Marchesini G. A position statement on NAFLD/NASH based on the EASL 2009 special conference. J Hepatol 2010;53:372–84. Epub 2010 May 7. PMID: 20494470
- Sanyal AJ, Brunt EM, Kleiner DE, Kowdley KV, Chalasani N, Lavine JE, et al. Endpoints and clinical trial design for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2011;54:344–53. doi: 10.1002/hep.24376. PMID: 21520200.
- Torres DM, Harrison SA. Diagnosis and therapy of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2008;134:1682–98. PMID: 18471547.
- Vernon G, Baranova A, Younossi ZM. Systematic review: the epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;24:274–85. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04724.x. Epub 2011 May 30. PMID: 2162852.
- Vuppalachi R, Chalasani N. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: selected practical issues in their evaluation and management. Hepatology 2009;49:306–17. PMID: 19065650.
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Epidemiology
- Lancet 2011 Aug 27–Sept 2;378(9793).
- Editorial. Urgently needed: a framework convention for obesity control Lancet 2011;378:742.PMID: 21872732.
- Baur LA. Changing perceptions of obesity—recollections of a paediatrician. Lancet 2011;378:762–3. PMID: 21877330.
- Dietz WH. Reversing the tide of obesity. Lancet 2011;378:744–6. PMID: 21872735.
- Freudenberg N. The social science of obesity. Lancet 2011;378:760.
- Gortmaker SL, Swinburn BA, Levy D, Carter R, Mabry PL, Finegood DT, et al. Changing the future of obesity: science, policy, and action. Lancet 2011;378:838–47. PMID: 21872752.
- Hall KD, Sacks G, Chandramohan D, Chow CC, Wang YC, Gortmaker SL, et al. Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight. Lancet 2011;378:826–37. PMID: 21872751.
- King D. The future challenge of obesity. Lancet 2011;378:743–4. PMID: 21872734.
- Mozaffarian D. Diets from around the world—quality not quantity. Lancet 2011;378:759.
- Pincock S. Boyd Swinburn: combating obesity at the community level. Lancet 2011;378:761. PMID: 21872738.
- Rutter H. Where next for obesity? Lancet 2011;378:746–7. PMID: 21872736.
- Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD, McPherson K, Finegood DT, Moodie ML, et al. The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet 2011;378:804–14.
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- Adams LA. Mortality in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: clues from the Cremona study. Hepatology 2011;54:6–8. doi: 10.1002/hep.24445. PMID: 21618568.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1990–2010 changes of percentage of obese adults in the USA (BMI > 30). Available at: www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html.
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- Passas G, Akhtar T, Gergen P, Hadden WC, Kahn AQ. Health status of the Pakistani population: a health profile and comparison with the United States. Am J Public Health 2001;91:93–8.
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- Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Afendy M, Fang Y, Younossi Y, Mir H, et al. Changes in the prevalence of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases in the United States from 1988 to 2008. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9:524–530.e1; quiz e60. Epub 2011 Mar 25. PMID:21440669.
Pediatric epidemiology
- Alkhouri N, Carter-Kent C, Lopez R, Rosenberg WM, Pinzani M, Bedogni G, et al. A combination of the pediatric NAFLD fibrosis index and enhanced liver fibrosis test identifies children with fibrosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9:150–5. Epub 2010 Oct 1. PMID: 20888433.
- Galal OM. The nutrition transition in Egypt: obesity, undernutrition and the food consumption context. Public Health Nutr 2002;5:141–8. Review. PMID: 12027277.
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- Mathur P, Das MK, Arora NK. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and childhood obesity. Indian J Pediatr 2007;74:401–7. PMID: 17476088.
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Histologic diagnosis
- Angulo P. Long-term mortality in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: is liver histology of any prognostic significance? Hepatology 2010;51:373–5. Erratum in: Hepatology 2010 May;51(5):1868. PMID: 20101746.
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- Brunt EM, Janney CG, Di Bisceglie AM, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Bacon BR. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:2467–74. PMID: 10484010.
- Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, Cummings OW, et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2005;41:1313–21. PMID: 15915461.
- Tiniakos DG. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: histological diagnostic criteria and scoring systems. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;22:643–50. PMID: 19478676.
- Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Rafiq N, Makhlouf H, Younoszai Z, Agrawal R, et al. Pathologic criteria for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: interprotocol agreement and ability to predict liverrelated mortality. Hepatology 2011;53:737–45. doi: 10.1002/hep.24131. Epub 2011 Feb 11. PMID: 21360720.
Noninvasive diagnosis
- Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, George J, Farrell GC, et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology 2007;45:846–54. PMID: 17393509.
- Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC, Saunders JB, Monteiro MG. The alcohol use disorders identification test: guidelines for use in primary care. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001.
- Baranova A, Younossi ZM. The future is around the corner: noninvasive diagnosis of progressive nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2008;47:373–5. PMID: 18220279.
- Bedogni G, Bellentani S, Miglioli L, Masutti F, Passalacqua M, Castiglione A, et al. The Fatty Liver Index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population. BMC Gastroenterol 2006;6:33. PMID: 17081293.
- Calori G, Lattuada G, Ragogna F, Garancini MP, Crosignani P, Villa M, et al. Fatty liver index and mortality: the Cremona study in the 15th year of follow-up. Hepatology 2011;54:145–52. doi: 10.1002/hep.24356. PMID: 21488080.
- Campos GM, Bambha K, Vittinghoff E, Rabl C, Posselt AM, Ciovica R, et al. A clinical scoring system for predicting nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in morbidly obese patients. Hepatology 2008;47:1916–23. PMID: 18433022.
- Chalasani N. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease liver fat score and fat equation to predict and quantitate hepatic steatosis: promising but not prime time! Gastroenterology 2009;137:772–5. Epub 2009 Jul 26. PMID: 19638269.
- Cho CS, Curran S, Schwartz LH, Kooby DA, Klimstra DS, Shia J, et al. Preoperative radiographic assessment of hepatic steatosis with histologic correlation. J Am Coll Surg 2008;206:480–8. Epub 2007 Nov 26. PMID: 18308219.
- Hernaez R, Lazo M, Bonekamp S, Kamel I, Brancati FL, Guallar E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and reliability of ultrasonography for the detection of fatty liver: A meta-analysis. Hepatology 2011;54:1082–9. doi: 10.1002/hep.24452. PMID: 21618575.
- Hettihawa LM, Palangasinghe S, Jayasinghe SS, Gunasekara SW, Weerarathna TP. Comparison of insulin resistance by indirect methods—HOMA, QUICKI and McAuley—with fasting insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes in Galle, Sri Lanka: a pilot study. Online J Health Allied Sci 2006;1:2. Available at: http://www.ojhas.org/issue17/2006-1-2.htm.
- Hrebícek J, Janout V, Malincíková J, Horáková D, Cízek L. Detection of insulin resistance by simple quantitative insulin sensitivity check index QUICKI for epidemiological assessment and prevention. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:144–7. PMID: 11788638.
- Imbert-Bismut F, Naveau S, Morra R, Munteanu M, Ratziu V, Abella A, et al. The diagnostic value of combining carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, fibrosis, and steatosis biomarkers for the prediction of excessive alcohol consumption. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;21:18–27. PMID: 19011575.
- Katz A, Nambi SS, Mather K, Baron AD, Follmann DA, Sullivan G, et al. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2402–10. PMID: 10902758.
- Keskin M, Kurtoglu S, Kendirci M, Atabek ME, Yazici C. Homeostasis model assessment is more reliable than the fasting glucose/insulin ratio and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index for assessing insulin resistance among obese children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2005;115:e500–3. Epub 2005 Mar 1. PMID: 15741351.
- Kotronen A, Peltonen M, Hakkarainen A, Sevastianova K, Bergholm R, Johansson LM, et al. Prediction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fat using metabolic and genetic factors. Gastroenterology 2009;137:865–72. Epub 2009 Jun 12. PMID: 19524579.
- Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28:412–9. PMID: 3899825.
- Poynard T, Ratziu V, Naveau S, Thabut D, Charlotte F, Messous D, et al. The diagnostic value of biomarkers (SteatoTest) for the prediction of liver steatosis. Comp Hepatol 2005;4:10. PMID: 16375767.
- Saadeh S, Younossi ZM, Remer EM, Gramlich T, Ong JP, Hurley M, et al. The utility of radiological imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2002;123:745–50. PMID: 12198701.
- Stern SE, Williams K, Ferrannini E, DeFronzo RA, Bogardus C, Stern MP. Identification of individuals with insulin resistance using routine clinical measurements. Diabetes 2005;54:333–9. PMID: 15677489.
- Thabut D, Naveau S, Charlotte F, Massard J, Ratziu V, Imbert-Bismut F, et al. The diagnostic value of biomarkers (AshTest) for the prediction of alcoholic steato-hepatitis in patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 2006;44:1175–85. Epub 2006 Mar 13. PMID: 16580087.
- Yajima Y, Ohta K, Narui T, Abe R, Suzuki H, Ohtsuki M. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of fatty liver: significance of the liver–kidney contrast. Tohoku J Exp Med 1983;139:43–50. PMID: 6220488.
Hepatitis C and NAFLD/NASH
- Bugianesi E, Marchesini G, Gentilcore E, Cua IH, Vanni E, Rizzetto M, et al. Fibrosis in genotype 3 chronic hepatitis C and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: role of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Hepatology 2006;44:1648–55. PMID: 17133473.
- Charlton MR, Pockros PJ, Harrison SA. Impact of obesity on treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2006;43:1177–86. PMID: 16729327.
- Everhart JE, Lok AS, Kim HY, Morgan TR, Lindsay KL, Chung RT, et al. Weight-related effects on disease progression in the hepatitis C antiviral long-term treatment against cirrhosis trial. Gastroenterology 2009;137:549–57. Epub 2009 May 13. PMID: 19445938.
- Koike K. Hepatitis C as a metabolic disease: Implication for the pathogenesis of NASH. Hepatol Res 2005;33:145–50. Epub 2005 Oct 3. PMID: 16202646.
- Negro F, Clément S. Impact of obesity, steatosis and insulin resistance on progression and response to therapy of hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat 2009;16:681–8. Epub 2009 Sep 1. PMID: 19732324.
- Popkin BM. Is the obesity epidemic a national security issue around the globe? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2001;18:328–31. PMID: 21543976.
- Powell EE, Jonsson JR, Clouston AD. Metabolic factors and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as co-factors in other liver diseases. Dig Dis 2010;28:186–91. Epub 2010 May 7. PMID: 20460909.
- Sanyal AJ, Banas C, Sargeant C, Luketic VA, Sterling RK, Stravitz RT, et al. Similarities and differences in outcomes of cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatitis C. Hepatology 2006;43:682–9. PMID: 16502396.
- Targher G, Day CP, Bonora E. Risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1341–50. PMID: 20879883.
Pathophysiology
- Ascha MS, Hanouneh IA, Lopez R, Tamimi TA, Feldstein AF, Zein NN. The incidence and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2010;51:1972–8. PMID: 20209604.
- de Alwis NM, Day CP. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the mist gradually clears. J Hepatol 2008;48(Suppl 1):S104–12. Epub 2008 Feb 4. PMID: 18304679.
- Lim JS, Mietus-Snyder M, Valente A, Schwarz JM, Lustig RH. The role of fructose in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;7:251–64. Epub 2010 Apr 6. PMID: 20368739.
- Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Evolving pathophysiologic concepts in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:2813–4. PMID: 11693313.
- Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Zavos C. The multi-hit process and the antagonistic role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and adiponectin in non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hippokratia 2009;13:127. PMID:19561788.
- Zein CO, Unalp A, Colvin R, Liu YC, McCullough AJ; Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network. Smoking and severity of hepatic fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2011;54:753–9. Epub 2010 Sep 22. PMID: 21126792.
Treatment
- Abdelmalek MF, Suzuki A, Guy C, Unalp-Arida A, Colvin R, Johnson RJ, et al. Increased fructose consumption is associated with fibrosis severity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2010;51:1961–71. PMID: 20301112.
- Brunt EM, Kleiner DE, Wilson LA, Belt P, Neuschwander-Tetri BA; NASH Clinical Research Network (CRN). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score and the histopathologic diagnosis in NAFLD: distinct clinicopathologic meanings. Hepatology 2011;53:810–20. doi: 10.1002/hep.24127. Epub 2011 Feb 11. PMID: 21319198
- Bugianesi E, Gentilcore E, Manini R, Natale S, Vanni E, Villanova N, et al. A randomized controlled trial of metformin versus vitamin E or prescriptive diet in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:1082–90. PMID: 15842582.
- Charlton MR, Burns JM, Pedersen RA, Watt KD, Heimbach JK, Dierkhising RA. Frequency and outcomes of liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the United States. Gastroenterology 2011;141:1249–53. Epub 2011 Jul 2. PMID: 21726509.
- Chavez-Tapia NC, Tellez-Avila FL, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Mendez-Sanchez N, Lizardi- Cervera J, Uribe M. Bariatric surgery for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obese patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;(1):CD007340. PMID: 20091629.
- Dunn W, Xu R, Schwimmer JB. Modest wine drinking and decreased prevalence of suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2008;47:1947–54. PMID: 18454505.
- Geier A. Shedding new light on vitamin D and fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2011;55:273–5. Epub 2011 Jan 12. PMID: 21236303.
- Georgescu EF. Angiotensin receptor blockers in the treatment of NASH/NAFLD: could they be a first-class option? Adv Ther 2008;25:1141–74. PMID: 18972077.
- Henriksen JH, Ring-Larsen H. Rosiglitazone: possible complications and treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). J Hepatol 2008;48:174–6. Epub 2007 Nov 5. PMID: 18022724.
- Mummadi RR, Kasturi KS, Chennareddygari S, Sood GK. Effect of bariatric surgery on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:1396–402. Epub 2008 Aug 19. PMID: 18986848.
- Nakano T, Cheng YF, Lai CY, Hsu LW, Chang YC, Deng JY, et al. Impact of artificial sunlight therapy on the progress of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. J Hepatol 2011;55:415–25. Epub 2010 Dec 22. PMID: 21184788
- Neuschwander-Tetri BA. NASH: Thiazolidinediones for NASH—one pill doesn’t fix everything. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;7:243–4. PMID: 20442730.
- Promrat K, Kleiner DE, Niemeier HM, Jackvony E, Kearns M, Wands JR, et al. Randomized controlled trial testing the effects of weight loss on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2010;51:121–9. PMID: 19827166.
- Ratziu V, Giral P, Jacqueminet S, Charlotte F, Hartemann-Heutier A, Serfaty L, et al. Rosiglitazone for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: one-year results of the randomized placebocontrolled Fatty Liver Improvement with Rosiglitazone Therapy (FLIRT) Trial. Gastroenterology 2008;135:100–10. Epub 2008 Apr 8. PMID: 18503774
- Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV, McCullough A, Diehl AM, Bass NM, et al. Pioglitazone, vitamine E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1675–85. Epub 2010 Apr 28. PMID: 20427778.
- Suzuki A, Lindor K, St. Saver J, Lymp J, Mendes F, Muto A, et al. Effect of changes on body weight and lifestyle in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2005;43:1060–6. Epub 2005 Jul 11. PMID: 16140415.
- Zein CO, Yerian LM, Gogate P, Lopez R, Kirwan JP, Feldstein AE, et al. Pentoxifylline improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 2011;54:1610–9. doi: 10.1002/hep.24544. Epub 2011 Aug 24. PMID: 21748765.
- Zelber-Sagi S, Nitzan-Kaluski D, Goldsmith R, Webb M, Zvibel I, Goldiner I, et al. Role of leisure-time physical activity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based study. Hepatology 2008;48:1791–8. PMID: 18972405.