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2019.03
æœä¸½å› 译 æˆ´å® å®¡æ ¡
浙江大å¦åŒ»å¦é™¢é™„属邵逸夫医院
WGO 审查å°ç»„
Juan Malagelada (主å¸, 西ç牙)
Nalini Guda (è”åˆä¸»å¸, 美国)
Khean-Lee Goh (马æ¥è¥¿äºš)
Thilo Hackert (德国)
Peter Layer (德国)
Xavier Molero (西ç牙)
Stephen Pandol (美国)
Masao Tanaka (日本)
Muhammed Umar (巴基斯å¦)
Anton LeMair (新西兰)
(点击展开区段)
* 当病å˜ä½äºŽèƒ°è…ºä½“尾部,如果怀疑æ¶æ€§è‚¿ç˜¤ï¼Œåˆ™å¯èƒ½æ— 法进行FNA,这是由于沿FNAè·¯å¾„ä¼ æ’的风险å¯èƒ½æ— 法通过åŽç»æ‰‹æœ¯è§£å†³ã€‚在体尾部病å˜çš„患者ä¸ï¼Œèƒƒä¸èƒ½è¢«åˆ‡é™¤ï¼Œè€Œåœ¨èƒ°å¤´æœ‰ç—…å˜çš„患者ä¸ï¼ŒåäºŒæŒ‡è‚ å¯åœ¨æ‰‹æœ¯æ—¶è¢«åˆ‡é™¤ã€‚
WGO分级管ç†ï¼šæ ¹æ®å¯ç”¨èµ„æºçš„ç‰çº§å¤„ç†é£Žé™©å’Œç–¾ç—…的一系列诊æ–ã€æ²»ç–—和管ç†é€‰æ‹©ã€‚
WGO指å—和分级管ç†æ—¨åœ¨å¼ºè°ƒé€‚用于所有地区的æ°å½“çš„ã€ä¸Žå½“地环境和资æºç›¸é€‚åº”çš„æ²»ç–—æ–¹æ¡ˆï¼Œæ— è®ºè¿™äº›åœ°åŒºæ˜¯“å‘展ä¸çš„”〓åŠå‘达的”还是“å‘达的”。 WGO分级管ç†æ供的方案ä¸ä»…仅包括资æºä¼˜å…ˆçš„考é‡ï¼Œå¯èƒ½è¿˜åŒ…括æˆæœ¬æ•ˆç›Šå› ç´ ï¼Œæ‚£è€…æ„愿以åŠè®¾å¤‡ï¼ŒæŠ€èƒ½å’Œä¸“业知识的å¯ç”¨æ€§ã€‚
å¤§å¤šæ•°æ— ç—‡çŠ¶çš„å¶å‘囊肿,是在资æºä¸°å¯Œçš„å›½å®¶å› è¯„ä¼°ä¸Žèƒ°è…ºç–¾ç—…ä¸ä¸€å®šç›¸å…³çš„症状而行影åƒå¦æ£€æŸ¥åŽè¯Šæ–出æ¥çš„。以亚太地区为例,最近æ¥è‡ªéŸ©å›½å’Œæ—¥æœ¬çš„两篇论文都报é“äº†æ— ç—‡çŠ¶å›Šè‚¿çš„æ‚£ç—…çŽ‡åˆ†åˆ«ä¸º2.2%å’Œ3.5%[1,2]。在资æºåŒ®ä¹çš„国家,大多数诊æ–都是通过手术或尸检æ¥ç¡®å®šçš„。
å› æ¤ï¼Œæœ¬æŒ‡å—的作者ä¸ä½¿ç”¨ä¼ 统的“分级管熔模å¼ï¼Œè€Œæ˜¯æ ¹æ®å½“å‰çš„è¯æ®æ出建议。我们了解到并éžæ‰€æœ‰çš„资æºéƒ½å¯ä»¥åœ¨ä»»ä½•åœ°æ–¹ä½¿ç”¨ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”,应该在与患者讨论æ¶æ€§è‚¿ç˜¤é£Žé™©ã€å¯ç”¨èµ„æºå’Œæˆæœ¬åŽå†ä½œå‡ºæ˜Žæ™ºçš„决定。
本指å—旨在为全世界的医生æ供一ç§åˆç†çš„ã€æœ€æ–°çš„胰腺囊性病å˜æ²»ç–—方法。由于相关的诊æ–和治疗资æºåœ¨ä¸–ç•Œä¸åŒåœ°åŒºåˆ†å¸ƒå¹¶ä¸å‡ä¸€ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œè¿™äº›æŒ‡å—åº”æ ¹æ®å½“地的资æºå’Œæ‚£è€…çš„æ„æ„¿åˆç†ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚
“èƒ°è…ºå›Šæ€§ç—…å˜”æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªä¼ ç»Ÿçš„æœ¯è¯ï¼ŒæŒ‡èƒ°è…ºä¸å«æœ‰æ¶²ä½“的明确病å˜ã€‚大多数å°ç—…ç¶æ˜¯åœ¨è¿›è¡Œæ‰«æ以评估éžèƒ°è…ºç›¸å…³çš„指å¾æˆ–症状时å¶ç„¶å‘çŽ°çš„ã€‚èƒ°è…ºå›Šè‚¿çš„ç—…å› æ˜¯å¤šç§å¤šæ ·çš„,它们å¯èƒ½æ˜¯ç‚Žç—‡æ€§çš„或创伤åŽçš„,也å¯èƒ½ç—…å› æœªæ˜Žã€‚è™½ç„¶å¤§å¤šæ•°å°ç—…ç¶æ˜¯è‰¯æ€§çš„,但有些病ç¶å¯èƒ½å‘展为æ¶æ€§è‚¿ç˜¤ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œéœ€è¦è¿›ä¸€æ¥çš„检查ã€ç›‘æµ‹å’Œæ²»ç–—ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œæœ‰å¿…è¦èŽ·å¾—详细的病å²ï¼Œå¹¶æ ¹æ®éœ€è¦é€šè¿‡é€‚当的检查判æ–ç—…å˜çš„性质,以评估æ¶å˜çš„é£Žé™©ã€‚ç”±äºŽä»…æ ¹æ®ä¸´åºŠå’Œå½¢æ€å¦ç‰¹å¾æ— 法å¯é 地将潜在的æ¶æ€§ç—…å˜ä¸Žè‰¯æ€§ç—…å˜åŒºåˆ†å¼€æ¥ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œå¯èƒ½éœ€è¦è¿›ä¸€æ¥çš„评估和/或监测。
胰腺癌å‰å›Šæ€§ç—…å˜åŒ…括é»æ¶²æ€§å›Šæ€§è‚¿ç˜¤å’Œå¯¼ç®¡å†…乳头状é»æ¶²ç˜¤ã€‚如上所述,一些胰腺囊性病å˜å¯èƒ½æ¼”å˜ä¸ºèƒ°è…ºè…ºç™Œ[3]。
由于胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)和å‡ä¹³å¤´çŠ¶ç˜¤å¾ˆå°‘表现为囊性病å˜ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œæœ¬æŒ‡å—ä¸æ¶‰åŠå®ƒä»¬ã€‚
胰腺å‡æ€§å›Šè‚¿ï¼Œç¼ºä¹æ˜Žç¡®çš„囊肿å£ï¼Œé€šå¸¸å‘生在有胰腺炎或外伤å²çš„患者。å‡æ€§å›Šè‚¿æ˜¯è‰¯æ€§çš„,除éžå®ƒä»¬æœ‰ç—‡çŠ¶ï¼Œé€šå¸¸ä¸éœ€è¦ä»»ä½•å¹²é¢„就能自行消退;它们ä¸æ˜¯å½“å‰æŒ‡å—的主题。然而,é‡è¦çš„是è¦ç¡®ä¿ç—…å˜å®žé™…上是一个å‡æ€§å›Šè‚¿ï¼Œè€Œä¸æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªçœŸæ£çš„胰腺囊肿。虽然良性或明显æ¶æ€§ç—…å˜çš„治疗ä¸é‚£ä¹ˆæ¨¡ç³Šï¼Œä½†å¯¹ä¸ç¡®å®šé£Žé™©æˆ–ä¸ç‰é£Žé™©ç—…å˜çš„治疗尚ä¸æ¸…楚,该指å—有望为适当的诊æ–和治疗æ供指导。
胰腺囊肿通常没有症状,并且通常是良性的,但也有æ¶æ€§æ½œèƒ½ã€‚
胰腺囊性病å˜å¯åˆ†ä¸ºï¼š
胰腺囊性肿瘤å¯èƒ½å…·æœ‰æ¶æ€§æ½œèƒ½ï¼ŒåŒ…括MCNå’ŒIPMN。也å¯èƒ½æ²¡æœ‰æ¶æ€§æ½œèƒ½ï¼ŒåŒ…括浆液性囊性肿瘤(SCN)。良性囊性病å˜å¯ä¿å®ˆæ²»ç–—,而具有æ¶æ€§æ½œèƒ½çš„囊肿则需è¦æ‰‹æœ¯å¹²é¢„[4]。
表2列出了世界å«ç”Ÿç»„织(WHO)胰腺囊肿的组织å¦åˆ†ç±»ï¼Œå…¶ä¸è¿˜åŒ…括实性å‡ä¹³å¤´çŠ¶è‚¿ç˜¤ã€‚
ç—…å˜æ¥æº—与å‰ä½“ç—…å˜çš„治疗有关:
æ¥æºäºŽå¯¼ç®¡å†…乳头状é»æ¶²ç˜¤ï¼ˆIPMN)进展
æ¥æºäºŽé»æ¶²æ€§å›Šæ€§è‚¿ç˜¤ï¼ˆMCN)进展
许多人都åŒæ„IPMNå’ŒPanIN的主è¦åŒºåˆ«åœ¨äºŽå¤§å°ï¼šPanINç—…å˜æ˜¯å°å¶å†…胰管内出现的微å°æ‰å¹³æˆ–乳头状病å˜ï¼Œé€šå¸¸å¤§å°å°äºŽ5mm,很少形æˆå›Šæ€§ç»“构,通常在横截é¢æˆåƒæˆ–EUSä¸Šæ— æ³•æ£€æµ‹åˆ°ã€‚Maireç‰äºº[14]试图将纳入人群的EUS表现与组织病ç†å¦è”系起æ¥ã€‚当病ç¶å¤§äºŽ10 mm时,IPMN为首选诊æ–,å°äºŽ10 mm时,宜用“æ‰©å¼ ä¾§æ”¯”。对于0.5-1cm之间病å˜çš„组织å¦ç‰¹å¾è¿˜æœ‰ç–‘惑。分åã€é—ä¼ æˆ–è¡¨è§‚é—ä¼ æ ‡è®°å¯èƒ½æœ‰åŠ©äºŽåŒºåˆ†PanINå’ŒIPMN[3,14]。
以下特别强调在鉴别诊æ–ä¸éœ€è¦è€ƒè™‘的常è§ä¸”容易混淆的疾病
å¤§å¤šæ•°èƒ°è…ºå›Šè‚¿æ˜¯æ— ç—‡çŠ¶çš„ï¼Œæ˜¯åœ¨å› ä¸ç›¸å…³çš„ç—‡çŠ¶æˆ–åŽŸå› è€Œè¿›è¡Œçš„å½±åƒå¦æ£€æŸ¥ä¸å¶ç„¶å‘现的。在少数病例ä¸ï¼Œæœ€åˆå¯èƒ½æ˜¯ç”±äºŽç—‡çŠ¶æ€§å›Šè‚¿è€Œè¡¨çŽ°ä¸ºæ€¥æ€§èƒ°è…ºç‚Žã€å‡ºè¡€ã€é»„疸或å¯è§¦åŠçš„è‚¿å—。在世界上没有先进的诊æ–æˆåƒæŠ€æœ¯æˆ–é‡‡ç”¨æ›´ä¸¥æ ¼è¯Šæ–æ ‡å‡†çš„åœ°åŒºï¼Œèƒ°è…ºå›Šæ€§ç—…å˜å¯èƒ½åœ¨æ™šæœŸæ‰è¢«å‘现,但这通常æ„味ç€æ›´å¤§çš„囊性肿å—或已进展为肿瘤。
在有症状的囊肿患者ä¸ï¼Œç–¼ç—›æ˜¯æœ€å¸¸è§çš„表现。除外胰腺炎åŽå‡æ€§å›Šè‚¿ï¼Œç–¼ç—›å¯èƒ½æ醒医生æ¶æ€§è‚¿ç˜¤çš„å¯èƒ½æ€§æ›´å¤§ï¼Œæ¶æ€§è‚¿ç˜¤çš„风险å¯èƒ½ä¸Žç—‡çŠ¶çš„æŒç»æ—¶é—´æœ‰å…³[15,16]。其它症状包括黄疸ã€æ¶å¿ƒå’Œç»§å‘于胃压迫的呕å,或继å‘于åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ è…”å¤–æºæ€§åŽ‹è¿«çš„胃出å£æ¢—阻。
MCN患者也å¯èƒ½å‡ºçŽ°ç–¼ç—›ã€è…¹éƒ¨è‚¿å—或体é‡å‡è½»ï¼Œè¿™äº›ç—‡çŠ¶å¯èƒ½åœ¨è¯Šæ–å‰å·²ç»å˜åœ¨å¤šå¹´[17]。然而,大多数MCNæ˜¯åœ¨å…¶å®ƒæ— ç—‡çŠ¶æ‚£è€…çš„æ¨ªæ–é¢å½±åƒä¸Šå‘现的。
患者访谈:病å²å’ŒèƒŒæ™¯
与特定类型囊肿相关的å¯èƒ½çš„临床表现:值得注æ„çš„æ˜¯ï¼Œå¤§å¤šæ•°èƒ°è…ºå›Šè‚¿æ‚£è€…æ— ç—‡çŠ¶ã€‚
世界å„地å¶ç„¶å‘现囊肿的患者越æ¥è¶Šå¤šï¼Œè¿™å°±éœ€è¦è¿›ä¸€æ¥å®Œå–„å½±åƒå¦æ£€æŸ¥çš„建议[6,8]。
由于缺ä¹è‰¯å¥½çš„自然病å²æ•°æ®ï¼Œå¾ˆå°‘有å‘表的长期éšè®¿æ•°æ®çš„ç ”ç©¶ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”å¯èƒ½å˜åœ¨åå€šï¼Œå› å¤§å¤šæ•°æŠ¥å‘Šæ¥è‡ªä¸“门治疗胰胆疾病的ä¸å¿ƒï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œèƒ°è…ºå›Šè‚¿çš„治疗ä»ç„¶å˜åœ¨é—®é¢˜ã€‚
ä¸æ–å‘展的技术,如分å分æžï¼ˆåˆ†åæ ‡è®°ã€åŸºå› 检测)和一线检测结果(细胞å¦ã€å½±åƒå¦å’Œå›Šæ¶²ç”ŸåŒ–å¦ï¼‰ï¼Œå¯èƒ½æ¯”ç›®å‰çš„诊æ–检测方法更准确地确定胰腺囊肿的æ¶æ€§æ½œèƒ½[20]。然而,到目å‰ä¸ºæ¢ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸æ˜¯æ‰€æœ‰å¯ç”¨çš„技术都常规地包å«åœ¨ä¸´åºŠå®žè·µä¸ã€‚
胰腺囊性病å˜æ‚£è€…必须评估其æ•æ„Ÿæ€§ï¼š
通常,具有简å•ç‰¹å¾çš„å°ç—…å˜ï¼ˆ<2 cm)仅需相对有é™çš„诊æ–评估,并且å¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡è§‚察和éšè®¿è¿›è¡Œå¤„ç†ã€‚而在疾病谱的å¦ä¸€ç«¯ï¼Œå…·æœ‰æ˜Žæ˜¾å®žæ€§æˆåˆ†æˆ–å¯¼ç®¡æ‰©å¼ ç‰¹å¾çš„大病å˜åº”进行åŠæ—¶æ‰‹æœ¯ï¼Œä»¥é¿å…迂回和昂贵的检查。
疾病谱ä¸é—´éƒ¨åˆ†æ˜¯é‚£äº›æœ€å¯èƒ½éœ€è¦ä»”细,深入评估的病å˜ï¼Œå› 为手术会带æ¥å¾ˆé«˜çš„å‘病率和æ»äº¡é£Žé™©ã€‚
5.2.1 实验室检查
ç›®å‰å°šæ— 用于评估胰腺囊性病å˜çš„血清å¦æ£€æµ‹æ–¹æ³•ã€‚在æ¶æ€§å›Šæ€§ç—…å˜ä¸è¡€æ¸…CA-19-9å¯èƒ½å‡é«˜ï¼Œè€Œåœ¨ä¼´å‘胰腺炎的症状性囊肿ä¸è§‚察到淀粉酶和脂肪酶水平å‡é«˜ã€‚ 请å‚阅表4和表5。
5.2.2 å½±åƒå¦æ£€æŸ¥
å½±åƒå¦æ£€æŸ¥æ˜¯ä¸ºäº†æ›´å¥½åœ°èŽ·å¾—囊肿的特å¾ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œæ‰€ä½¿ç”¨çš„方法å–决于检测所述病å˜çš„åˆå§‹å½±åƒå¦æ–¹æ³•ã€‚.
如果资æºæœ‰é™ï¼Œè¯„估胰腺囊肿的最佳选择是CT。
胰腺CT检查方案:
ç£å…±æŒ¯èƒ°èƒ†ç®¡é€ 影(MRCP)方案:
超声内镜(EUS)准确度高,并且:
å†…é•œé€†è¡Œèƒ°èƒ†ç®¡é€ å½±ï¼ˆERCP):
5.2.3 活检—囊液分æž
EUS引导下的FNA
细针穿刺å¯åœ¨EUS指导下进行,以进行细胞å¦è¯„估和囊液引æµï¼Œä»¥åŒºåˆ†æµ†æ¶²æ€§å’Œé»æ¶²æ€§ç—…å˜ã€‚在æ¡ä»¶è®¸å¯æƒ…况下,与CT或超声引导的ç»çš®ç©¿åˆºç›¸æ¯”,EUS引导的FNA是首选方法。
细胞å¦ï¼Œæ¶‚片
囊液分æžã€‚抽å¸æ¶²ä½“æ—¶ï¼Œæ ¹æ®æŠ½å¸é‡ï¼Œå»ºè®®æŒ‰ç…§æ‰€è¿°é¡ºåºè¿›è¡Œä»¥ä¸‹æµ‹è¯•ï¼š
评估以下风险特å¾æœ‰åŠ©äºŽåœ¨è§‚察与手术方案之间åšå‡ºå†³ç–。具有这些å±é™©å› ç´ ä¸è‡³å°‘两个的患者å‘生胰腺æ¶æ€§è‚¿ç˜¤çš„å‡ çŽ‡çº¦ä¸º15%:
å…¶å®ƒå› ç´ ä¹Ÿå¯èƒ½é¢„示æ¶æ€§è‚¿ç˜¤çš„高风险[31–38]:
æ¤å¤–,由于癌å‰ç—…å˜å¯èƒ½æ˜¯å¤šç¶æ€§çš„ï¼Œå› è‚¿ç˜¤æ€§ç—…å˜è¡Œéƒ¨åˆ†èƒ°è…ºåˆ‡é™¤æœ¯åŽæ®‹ä½™èƒ°è…ºä»ç„¶å¯èƒ½å‘生æ¶æ€§è‚¿ç˜¤ã€‚æ ¹æ®Lafeminaç‰äººçš„ç ”ç©¶ï¼ŒIPMN患者胰腺其它部ä½å‘生浸润性癌的风险为2.8%[39]。
手术的风险å¯èƒ½å¾ˆå¤§ï¼Œæœ‰2ï¼…çš„æ»äº¡é£Žé™©å’Œé«˜è¾¾40ï¼…çš„å‘病风险,应将这些风险与相对于上述特å¾è¯„ä¼°çš„æ¶æ€§è‚¿ç˜¤é£Žé™©è¿›è¡Œæƒè¡¡ã€‚应始终考虑患者的年龄和åˆå¹¶ç—‡ï¼Œå› 为它们是至关é‡è¦çš„å±é™©å› ç´ ã€‚
6.1.1 专科医生评估适应è¯
胰腺囊肿通常是在评估éžç‰¹å¼‚性腹部或éžèƒƒè‚ é“症状而进行的横æ–é¢å½±åƒå¦æ£€æŸ¥ä¸å¶ç„¶å‘现的。在æ¤åˆå§‹å‘现阶段,全科医生,内科医生或外科医生å¯èƒ½æ‰¿æ‹…评估病情的主è¦è´£ä»»ã€‚
å°ï¼ˆ<2cmï¼‰ä¸”æ— æ˜Žæ˜¾æ¶æ€§å¾è±¡çš„å•çº¯å›Šè‚¿å¯èƒ½ä¸éœ€è¦ä¸“科医生会诊,按先å‰è¯¦è¿°çš„间隔时间观察是åˆé€‚的。
如果诊æ–å¯é ,å¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡è§‚察和监测进行评估ã€ç®¡ç†å’Œéšè®¿ã€‚
浆液性囊腺瘤å‡å±žè‰¯æ€§ã€‚然而,é»æ¶²æ€§ç—…å˜è¢«è®¤ä¸ºæ˜¯ç™Œå‰ç—…å˜ã€‚在诊æ–时大于3cmçš„ç—…å˜æ—¶ï¼Œæ¶æ€§è‚¿ç˜¤çš„é£Žé™©ä¼¼ä¹Žæ›´é«˜ï¼Œå› æ¤å»ºè®®æ‰‹æœ¯æ²»ç–—。较å°çš„ç—…å˜å¯ç›‘测éšè®¿ã€‚
ä¸å¹¸çš„是,术å‰å¯é 区分浆液性和é»æ¶²æ€§ç—…å˜çš„能力有é™ã€‚åœ¨ä¸€äº›ç ”ç©¶ä¸ï¼Œä¼ 统的放射å¦ç ”究,如CT或超声,仅能对10-15%çš„ç—…å˜è¿›è¡Œå‡†ç¡®çš„分类。æ¤å¤–,囊肿å£å¸¸æœ‰éƒ¨åˆ†è„±è½ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œå³ä½¿æ˜¯æœ¯ä¸æ´»æ£€ä¹Ÿä¸å¯é 。表7列出了高风险å¾è±¡å’ŒæŠ¥è¦å¾ã€‚
éšè®¿æ—¶å›Šè‚¿å¤§å°å’Œç”Ÿé•¿é€Ÿåº¦å¯ä½œä¸ºæ‰‹æœ¯åˆ‡é™¤çš„æŒ‡æ ‡ã€‚å¦‚æžœåœ¨MRI/MRCP上没有报è¦å¾[41], 则首先在1å¹´åŽå¤æŸ¥ï¼Œå†åœ¨2å¹´åŽå¤æŸ¥ã€‚
在胰腺囊性癌å‰ç—…å˜æ‚£è€…的监测方å¼ä¸Šå˜åœ¨å·®å¼‚。æ¥è‡ªChoiç‰äºº[46] 的系统回顾和èŸèƒåˆ†æžæ示,低风险IPMNï¼ˆæ— ä¸»èƒ°ç®¡å—累或å£ç»“节)进展为癌症的å‘病率3年为1.4%,5年为3.1%,10年为7.7%。具有æŸäº›é£Žé™©ç‰¹å¾çš„IPMNå‘ç—…çŽ‡å¢žåŠ ï¼š3年为5.7%,5年为9.7%,10年为24.7%。作者建议继ç»å¯¹æ‰€æœ‰ç±»åž‹çš„IPMN进行长期监测[46]。
7.3.1 国际指å—
2018 Gut. European evidence-based guidelines on pancreatic cystic neoplasms [29]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5890653/
2018 Am J Gastroenterol. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of pancreatic cysts [49].
2017 J Am Coll Radiol. Management of incidental pancreatic cysts: a white paper of the ACR Incidental Findings Committee [50]. Available from: https://www.jacr.org/article/S1546-1440(17)30318-6/fulltext
2017 Pancreatology. Revisions of international consensus Fukuoka guidelines for the management of IPMN of the pancreas [40].
2015 Gastroenterology. AGA guidelines for the management of pancreatic cysts [43].
2015 World J Gastroenterol. International guidelines for the management of pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms [51]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4566378/
2015 Ann Transl Med [Internet]. International consensus on the management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas [45]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4671873/
2013 Dig Liver Dis. European experts consensus statement on cystic tumours of the pancreas [52].
2012 Pancreatology. International consensus guidelines 2012 for the management of IPMN and MCN of the pancreas [8].
2006 Pancreatology. International consensus guidelines for management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas [53].
7.3.2 地区和其它指å—
2015 J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. Revised Japanese guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis 2015: revised concepts and updated points [54].
2015 Gastroenterology. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the diagnosis and management of asymptomatic neoplastic pancreatic cysts [55].
2015 Gastroenterology. AGA Institute guideline on the diagnosis and management of asymptomatic neoplastic pancreatic cysts [41].
2015 Gastroenterology. AGA guidelines for the management of pancreatic cysts [43].
2015 Ann Oncol. Cancer of the pancreas: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up [56].
2015 Am J Gastroenterol. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes [57].
2014 Saudi Med J. Saudi Oncology Society clinical management guideline series. Pancreatic cancer [58].
2014 RöFo. S3 guideline for chronic pancreatitis—diagnosis, classification and therapy for the radiologist [59].
2014 Pancreas. American Pancreatic Association practice guidelines in chronic pancreatitis: evidence-based report on diagnostic guidelines [60].
2014 Jpn J Clin Oncol. EBM-based clinical guidelines for pancreatic cancer (2013) issued by the Japan Pancreas Society: a synopsis [61].
2014 Dig Liver Dis. Italian consensus guidelines for the diagnostic work-up and follow-up of cystic pancreatic neoplasms [62].
2014 Diagn Cytopathol. Utilization of ancillary studies in the cytologic diagnosis of biliary and pancreatic lesions: the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology guidelines for pancreatobiliary cytology [63].
2014 Diagn Cytopathol. Postbrushing and fine-needle aspiration biopsy follow-up and treatment options for patients with pancreatobiliary lesions: the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology guidelines [64].
2014 Diagn Cytopathol. Standardized terminology and nomenclature for pancreatobiliary cytology: the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology guidelines [65].
2014 Cancer Cytopathol. Guidelines for pancreaticobiliary cytology from the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology: a review [66].
2013 Am J Gastroenterol. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis [67].
2012 J Natl Compr Canc Netw. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, version 2.2012: featured updates to the NCCN Guidelines [68].
2012 Ann Oncol. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: ESMO-ESDO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up [69].
2008 Ann Oncol. Neuroendocrine gastro-entero-pancreatic tumors: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up [70].
2005 Ann Surg Oncol. Treatment guidelines for branch duct type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: when can we operate or observe? [71].
2004 Gastrointest Endosc. ASGE guideline: The role of endoscopy in the diagnosis and the management of cystic lesions and inflammatory fluid collections of the pancreas [72].
Am J Surg Pathol. An illustrated consensus on the classification of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms [73].
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